Shark Attacks

On 11 July, 1916 Rensselaer Cartan Jr. saw an approaching dim figure and saw an enormous balance projecting from the water. A shark, the most up to date dread of numerous after the few assaults that happened only days prior. However he was 17 miles inland, he comprehended what he saw and set out to caution the town of the â€Å"sea monster† approaching in the stream. â€Å"No way† were the musings of numerous as they heard Caratan Jr. tell his story, and they proceeded with their ordinary lives, notwithstanding his frantic cries of dread and notice. The assaults of Lester Stilwell and Stanley Fisher show that the innovation of this period was very un-propelled, this was likewise the principal recorded shark assault in new water, and the measure of time it took for a specialist to arrive at the spot of the assault was extensive and exorbitant. The innovation in this time was powerless in contrast with today’s present day medication and was not productive throughout everyday life if passing circumstances. In this time there was no ambulances and the best approach to be hurried to the medical clinic was via train and via car. On the off chance that proposals assaults had happened in current occasions, the passing of Fisher may have been halted. The demise of Stilwell was clear, because of the way that the shark ravaged Stilwell’s body underneath the water, where he suffocated. He likewise would have kicked the bucket from sheer measures of blood misfortune and the way that nobody would have arrived at the multi year old kid on schedule. Despite the fact that advanced innovation has changed the measure of help that specialists can give patients the patient, must be first spared from the reason for death. For this situation the shark didn't let youthful Stilwell have the chance of clinical treatment that he so frantically required. These assaults were a stun to the world since they happened in a river seventeen miles inland. Bull sharks have been found in different new water sources, in some cases far upriver or upstream at times, their high resilience for new water about extraordinary among shark species. (Davidson) The bull shark is a shark that is known to be found in current occasions to swim into the mouths of streams to discover better prey. This was obscure to the individuals of 1916 as was numerous realities of the whole types of sharks. No one idea a shark would travel so far inland and in a river no bigger than 45 feet over. (capuzzo 89) The shark had been permitted to travel so far up because of the reality the tide was at its most noteworthy point because of the lunar cycle. (capuzzo 91) The shark was effectively ready to move and discover its prey in the cloudy water. The measure of time that it took for a specialist to arrive at the scene, where Stilwell and Fisher were assaulted was very long. As per Julius Kish, no specialist lived or worked in the town of Matawan in 1916. This may have added to the way that Fisher passed on and didn't get clinical consideration immediately as was required. The main prompt he got was that of his companions, who were in stun. His companions made a stopgap tourniquet utilizing rope to stop the over the top blood stream. (Capuzzo 101) This was insufficient to spare the keeps an eye on life, he required prompt clinical consideration. Stanley fisher gradually started to bite the dust as he trusted that the specialists will show up to treat his injury, a huge piece of substance missing from his pelvis. Fisher’s wounds were desperate, yet he willed to live. â€Å"That evening in 1916, in any case, the treatment Stanley Fisher required was two hours and thirty-nine minutes away. † (Capuzzo 101) At this time clinics lay far separated and the movement to a medical clinic might be excessively far and when patients arrive at the emergency clinic, passing has just set in. At the point when Fisher hauled his body out of the water he lied there in his very own pool blood. (capuzzo 100) As the blood would keep on streaming he was in danger for blood misfortune and furthermore illnesses of having a neglected open slice. With such a constrained gracefully of clinical consideration in this period caused setbacks that would be normal in todays present day age. The assaults of 1916 began a plague of common dread against man eating sharks. Lester Stilwell’s body took two days to reemerge. In those two days gossipy tidbits moved through America on what had befallen the kid. The interest on what caused this â€Å"rouge† shark to go on such horrendous assaults started individuals to start exploring these secretive predators. by and by we now no significantly more about sharks and keep on exploring to all the more likely see how these dubious creatures tick.

Homologous and Analogous Structures Whats the Difference

Homologous and Analogous Structures What's the Difference SAT/ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Have you at any point pondered how various types of creatures have body parts that work in comparable manners? Like bats and honey bees? The two animals have wings - despite the fact that their bodies are organized in an unexpected way. The way to understanding these distinctions lies in recognizing what homologous and undifferentiated from structures are. In this article, we'll talk about each kind of structure and examine the likenesses and contrasts between them. What Are Homologous Structures? Homologous structures are comparable structures in related life forms. The most significant thing to recall about homologous structures is that they share regular parentage. At the end of the day, just life forms that are by one way or another identified with one another can have homologous structures. For instance, a chimpanzee’s arm and a human’s arm are homologous structures. The two arrangements of arms have a comparable structure and use and chimpanzees and people share a typical precursor. What Are Analogous Structures? Undifferentiated from structures are comparative structures in random life forms. These structures are comparable in light of the fact that they do a similar activity, not on the grounds that they share normal parentage. For instance, dolphins and sharks both have blades, despite the fact that they aren’t related. The two species created blades in view of how (and where) they live. What’s the Difference Between Homologous and Analogous Structures? Homologous and practically equivalent to structures have a few key contrasts. Let’s investigate them: Homologous Structures Practically equivalent to Structures Mutual parentage Comparative interior structure May appear to be unique remotely No mutual parentage Comparative capacity May seem to be comparable remotely Homologous Structures Example An extraordinary case of homologous structures are the wings of a bat and the arms of a human. Bats and people are the two warm blooded animals, so they share a typical heritage. Both a bat’s wing and a human’s arm share a comparative interior bone structure, despite the fact that they look altogether different remotely. The wing and the arm likewise perform various capacities - wings help bats fly, while arms assist people with connecting with their reality in an altogether different manner. Practically equivalent to Structures Example An extraordinary case of similar to structures are a bat’s wing and a bee’s wing. Bats and honey bees don't share basic lineage, so the structures can't be homologous. Both bat wings and honey bee wings fill a typical need - helping bats and honey bees fly! The structures appear to be comparable outwardly, as well. Be that as it may, their inward structures are altogether different - bat wings have a hard structure with muscles, while honey bee wings are membranous augmentations. Homologous and Analogous Structures - Key Takeaways Numerous creatures have body parts that appear to be comparable, despite the fact that they don’t share normal usefulness. Different creatures have body parts that look very surprising, however have a common foundation. Here’s the distinction among homologous and closely resembling structures: Homologous structures will be structures that may look or capacity uniquely in contrast to related living beings. Closely resembling structures will be structures that look and capacity likewise from disconnected living beings. What’s Next? Right now taking Biology and need assistance with other bio themes? Find out about photosynthesis, chemicals, cell hypothesis, and what and how the cell layer and endoplasmic reticulum work. Are youconsideringtaking the SAT subject testsin a subject like science? Ensure you get within data onthe testbefore you settle on your choice. In the event that you’re a green bean, sophomore, or junior, you should seriously think about adding AP classes to your calendar. Here’s a total rundown of AP courses and tests to assist you with picking classes that are ideal for you. Need to realize the quickest and simplest approaches to change over among Fahrenheit and Celsius? We have you covered!Check out our manual for the most ideal approaches to change over Celsius to Fahrenheit (or the other way around).

Americans Are Stressed About Politics

Americans Are Stressed About Politics January 04, 2018 How Stress Impacts Your Health Overview Signs of Burnout Stress and Weight Gain Benefits of Exercise Stress Reduction Tips Self-Care Practices Mindful Living shironosov/iStock   Have you found yourself more stressed than usual by politics and the state of the nation lately? Do you worry about the direction that the country is taking, perhaps more now than before? Do you feel this is taking a toll on your emotional state, and even your physical health? If so, youre not alone. Far from it, actually. And a survey from the American Psychological Association proves it. And if youre not feeling this way, chances are that the majority of the people around you are feeling this type of stress. First, heres a bit about conflict and stress in general, for a more foundational understanding of what you or the people around you are experiencing. Stress and the Toll of Conflict Conflict is one of the main causes of stress that we encounter in our lives, whether its conflict from co-workers, from family, from significant others, from our friends, or even from people we encounter on the street and acquaintances we dont know well. Conflict virtually always takes a heavier toll on us than most other forms of stress. It can not only make us instinctively feel less supported socially and bring to our awareness that theres a problem that needs to be solved, but it can tweak our need to belong as well, making us feel less of that group-based safety that were wired to seek out. (See this piece about Maslows Hierarchy of Needs for more on your belongingness needs.) Political conflicts can be particularly stressful because political views can be so divisive, and these disagreements can occur not only between acquaintances but between close friends and especially family members, which is when things can become even more tense. Many people dont like to agree to disagree but would rather try to convince people with opposing views that their views are incorrect, which can backfire particularly when political views are discussed. Social media and online discussions can and do  contribute to the incivility and polarization of some of these political discussions. Additionally, there are so many changes occurring in the country that it can be particularly stressful for those who are concerned about the direction things are taking. This can also bring more potentially divisive discussions to the fore. The bottom line is that political uncertainty can breed stress and create challenges, regardless of what your specific beliefs are or for which party you vote during elections. Many Americans (and, most likely, people around the world) are experiencing stress and anxiety related to the recent transition of power and the rapid speed of change thats been occurring politically in America in recent months. Because of this, many people are concerned about the state of our nation and the direction that things are taking. The APAs study explains more about this. APA Study: Stress in America APA’s 2016  Stress in Americaâ„¢ survey  revealed that two in three Americans (66 percent) say the future of our nation is a significant source of stress for them, and 57 percent say that they are stressed by the current political climate. This is, in fact, the factor thats reported as the most stressful to study respondents. This is an increase in what people have previously reported and a significant number that reveals a majority of Americans feeling stress in this area. Symptoms of stress can vary among people but often include a combination of emotional stress (feelings like worry, tension, irritability, and general anxiety) and physical symptoms, including headaches, insomnia, stomach problems, and other physical reactions. People deal with stress in many different ways. Some of these ways are healthy and proactive, like exercising and meditation, and some are unhealthy, like engaging in rumination or negative coping habits. This stress can be good when managed; we know that low to moderate levels of stress can positively motivate us to complete a project or achieve a goal. A lot of stress, however, and particularly chronic stress, can negatively affect our emotional and physical health in many ways. High levels of stress have been associated with anxiety, depression, fatigue, heart disease and high blood pressure and other serious health issues. Knowing this can be stressful as well, but there are many techniques that can help with stress management in general, and be helpful for political stress in particular. This is important to know, because being proactive about stress management can make a difference in the direction that your stress takes, and help prevent  a downward spiral of hopelessness that feeds upon itself. Fortunately, there are steps you can take to manage your stress in times of political change. Even when there arent specific things you can do to change the minds of those in power, there are things you can do to minimize the stress you feel as a result. These steps can make the difference between feeling constantly stressed and feeling mildly or minimally stressed, or even not feeling stressed at all. APA offers the following tips: Stay informed, but know your limits.  Consider how much news you take in and how that information is affecting you. If you are preoccupied by national events and it is interfering with your daily life, this may be a sign to cut back on your news intake and limit social media discussions. For example, some people may find it helpful to schedule a short block of time in the morning and one in the evening to catch up on news without checking for every new update during the day. During “digital breaks,” take time to focus on something enjoyable, such as a hobby, exercising, or spending time with family and friends.Find commonalities with others.  We come into contact with people every day whose beliefs differ from our own. If the topic of political differences arises, avoid heated discussions and try to identify commonalities within your different views. Sometimes different views can come from a similar underlying principle. Be open to hearing the other person’s story, and maybe ev en validate how they are feeling. When we frame our thinking this way, it can be easier to tolerate or understand people with different views and even, perhaps, work together toward a common goal. If you find it difficult to discuss political issues in a calm and constructive manner, it may be best to disengage from the conversation.Find meaningful ways to get involved in your community.  Identify issues that are important to you, and research organizations that work on those issues. Contact them and see how you can join their efforts. You could also consider getting involved in local politics, where it can be possible to see the direct impact of your efforts. Attend a city council meeting or a town hall meeting to listen to and share your ideas with elected officials. Taking active steps to address your concerns can lessen feelings of stress.Seek solace.  Faith-based organizations and other community organizations can provide vital emotional and spiritual support during stressful t imes. Engaging in soothing activities, such as meditation, progressive relaxation or mindfulness, can also help you connect to the present moment and find some peace.Take care of yourself.  Because stress can have a physical and emotional impact on your overall health, find activities you enjoy to help you recharge and reduce your stress, such as exercising, listening to your favorite music or spending time with close family and friends. It’s important to prioritize getting enough sleep, eating healthy foods, and avoiding ineffective coping mechanisms such as alcohol and substances use. If stress starts interfering with your  everyday routine for an extended period of time, or if you are unable to manage stress on your own, it might be time to see a psychologist or other licensed mental health professional. Psychologists are trained to understand the connection between the mind and body and can help you to identify problem areas and develop an action plan for changing them.

Obesity The Problem Of Pediatric Obesity Essay - 2132 Words

Abstract One of the biggest growing health concerns in the world especially western nations is overweight kids exacerbating what is medically referred to as childhood obesity. In recent years, policy makers and medical professionals have expressed alarm about the burgeoning problem of pediatric obesity in the United States. Consequently, extensive clinical pathological research has continuously been conducted to give answers and amicable solutions to reducing cases of this syndrome. While most concur that the issue it is a serious health issue, consensus resolves around appropriate responses to the problem. This literature review delves into a single, highly favored approach to managing pediatric obesity: prescription medication. The paper compares and contrasts the efficacy and associated effects of the only two drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for prolonged management of childhood obesity; sibutramine and orlistat. This review of pharmacological interventions for ob esity management points out the drawbacks of medication and exposes a dire necessity for a comprehensive solution that umbrellas clinical, nutritional, behavioral, and political approaches to this complex problem. Can Medication Cure Obesity in Children? A Review of the Literature Obesity is by a measure of an individual’s Body Mass Index (BMI). We achieve this by dividing the person’s weight in kilograms, over their height and presented as a percentile. Children with BMI in theShow MoreRelatedPediatric Obesity : A Major Problem Around The World Essay1462 Words   |  6 PagesPart I. Pediatric obesity has become a major problem around the world. There are several factors that play a critical role in this epidemic. Some of these are obvious and others may be shocking to people. The key to tackling this outbreak and putting an end to it, is to first educate the public as to why it is occurring. Some of these circumstances include physical activity/inactivity, caloric intake, eating routines, and sleeping patterns. Each of these influences fit like a piece of a puzzle toRead MoreThe Problem of Obesity in Chicago743 Words   |  3 PagesGaps in Health Insurance Reviews two to three news articles Determines a local community health care issue Paper answers following questions: o How long has it been a problem? o How has it affected the community? o How has the community responded? Pediatric obesity seems to be one of the key problems found in communities in Chicago according to a Mount Sinai Hospital Medical Center of Chicago study that sampled six communities in Chicago over the space of more than two years (January 2002 throughRead MoreObesity The Problem Of Children!. Are You Aware Of1662 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity the problem of children! Are you aware of that over million American children are struggling with obesity? Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Being overweight an early age has been global problematic. As Cause, high number of obesity results from an abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable toRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children Health1139 Words   |  5 PagesEffects of Obesity on Children Health Obesity is a serious medical and psychological condition that affects children, adult, and elderly people. According to WHO, People who are above the normal weight for their age and height are called obese. Childhood obesity has been problem in developed as well as in developing countries. As Cause, it is accepted that increase in obesity results from an imbalance between abnormal intake of unhealthy food and drink and also unable to burn calorie. There is increasingRead MoreThe Family Nurse Practitioner ( Fnp ) Program Online At South University s Online Program865 Words   |  4 Pagesme is childhood and adolescent obesity. I love working out, and I believe in the saying â€Å"you are what you eat†, I know how good I feel when I eat well and perform physical activity, therefore I cannot imagine life without working out. This is what personally attracts me to the issue of childhood and adolescent obesity. In the United States, Healthy People 2020 tracks children aged 2 to 19 that carry a BMI greater than 95% per the Centers for Disease (CDC) pediatric growth chart. The goal is aRead More Health Risks and Obesity Essay1397 Words   |  6 PagesObesity has become the silent killer in American society. It is a risk factor for numerous chronic diseases including the four leading causes of death. Obesity can be linked to stroke, heart disease, cancer and diabetes, all serious health problems that can be fatal. Obesity is linked to 300,000 deaths annually in the industrial world (Flamholz, 2001). Often in society and in the medical community there exists a lack of understanding that obesity is in fact a disease and needs attention, otherwiseRead MoreThe World Health Organization (Who, 2016) Has Recognized1510 Words   |  7 Pages The World Health Organization (WHO, 2016) has recognized childhood obesity as one of the most significant public health issues of the 21st century. In 2011-2014, the prevalence of obesity among children living in the United States aged 2-19 was 17% (Ogden, Carroll, Fryar, Flegal, 2015). While this percentage has stabilized in the past 10 years, millions of children are affected by this disease and at risk for chronic comorbities (Shapiro, Arevalo, Tolentino, Machuca, Applebaum, 2014). UnfortunatelyRead MoreFactors Influencing Basal Metabolic Rate In Pediatric Populations1685 Words   |  7 Pages Gender, Puberty, Obesity and Other Factors Influencing Basal Metabolic Rate in Pediatric Populations Childhood obesity in America and in many developed regions is a prevalent problem that, to date, has been unresolved. As noted by Tailor et al. (2010), the prevalence of obesity has substantially increased the existence of metabolic syndrome in children with prevalence reaching nearly 60% in some studies. Currently, 17% of youth in America are obese, and while the prevalence has not substantiallyRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On The United States Today1479 Words   |  6 Pages1980, pediatric obesity now represents one of the most pressing nutritional problems facing children in the United States today. International population studies report comparable rates of increase, so that if current trends remain unchecked, childhood obesity is likely to challenge worldwide public health. Substantial consequences to physical and mental health, both short and long term, must be anticipated. Unfortunately, there is no uniform definition of childhood obesity. Childhood obesity hasRead MoreChildhood Obesity Among Hispanic Children1729 Words   |  7 Pages Obesity among Hispanic Children Childhood obesity has increased dramatically during the past decade (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2011). Although the rise in obesity cuts across all of age groups, both genders, and all cultural and racial groups; statistics have demonstrated that Hispanic children are more likely to become obese than White or Black children in the United States. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (2011), childhood obesity is more prevalent

The Period Called Romanticism Representations of Terror...

The period called Romanticism appeared as a reaction against the fixed standards of neoclassicism which emphasized reason and logic, and in this way, Wordsworth, in the preface of his Lyrical Balads claimed for a imaginative approach to nature and the overflow of feelings. Thus, English writers of the Romantic period believed individualism as being the most important feature; they valued subjectivity, imagination, and the expression of emotions over rational thought as a true source of aesthetic experience. Before the 18th Century, few writers were concerned with discovering their own individual identities and feelings but the changing economy of the industrial revolution helped to widespread the interest for individualism, creating†¦show more content†¦Lovecraft when he says â€Å"no one need wonder at the existence of a literature of cosmic fear. It has always existed, and always will exist† . Thus, we could examine the terror imagery and their prevalence in l iterature, fully developed with the gothic literature of the 18th century, with environments with mysterious atmospheres and ruined castles and authors like Ann Radcliffe, or Matthew Lewis and those English authors, who followed and developed the gothic tradition creating characters that became worlwide archetypes. The elements of this imagery can be found in folklore and legends, as Mary Shelley did, in an oniric world, like Charles Lamb or in James Hogg ´s wicked character, This essay attempts to headlight some of the ways Romantic writers approached to represent the concept of terror; I have chosen three Romantic works,of the above mentioned authors, for this purpose: Charles Lamb ´s â€Å"Witches and other Night Fears†, Mary Shelly ´s â€Å"On Ghosts† and James Hogg ´s â€Å"The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner† - Within these three works we are likely to discover the ideas of obscurity of the human mind and its a ffinity towards the unknown and the dark ,characteristic topics of the Romanticism, although their treatments of the elements to bring to the surface the emotion ofShow MoreRelatedImpact of the 1789 French Revolution on Literature3917 Words   |  16 PagesRevolution on Literature Introduction - Outline ONE: Pre-Revolution Attitudes in France freedom of expression was repressed to a degree that became intolerable the pre-Revolution literature reflected and related to the upper class in France the French language was considered the Kings language and for those extolling the virtues of the king; the great bulk of the French population used Latin TWO: The Romantic Movement Following the Revolution of 1789 albeit the movement of romanticism was bornRead MoreSelf-representation in William Wilson by Edgar Allan Poe and Bartleby, the Scrivener by Herman Melville 1760 Words   |  8 Pagesexamples to discuss the difficulties of self-representation. While the narrator in Poe’s tale begs us to â€Å"let me call myself, for the present, William Wilson† the complex self-representation here is also prevalent in the heart of Melville’s story. Wests Encyclopedia of American Law tells us that â€Å"courts usually discourage self-representation †¦even attorneys are well advised to hire another attorney.† The same problems with self-representation occur in literature. The unnamed narrator in Melville’s taleRead MoreEssay on Romanticism4035 Words   |  17 PagesRomanticism In spite of its representation of potentially diabolical and satanic powers, its historical and geographic location and its satire on extreme Calvinism, James Hoggs Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified Sinner proves to be a novel that a dramatises a crisis of identity, a theme which is very much a Romantic concern. Discuss. Examination of Romantic texts provides us with only a limited and much debated degree of commonality. However despite the disparity of Romanticism (orRead MoreFemale And Female Gender Roles3513 Words   |  15 PagesLiterature throughout history has displayed to us the evolution of the male and female gender roles in society. Women have been described as ‘the angel in the house,’ whilst men are typified as dominant and prevailing in comparison to women. The gothic genre in literature is used to personify and exaggerate these stereotypes, by using gothic motifs such as dream sequences and themes such as horror and terror. Not only does the gothic exaggerate the stereotypes, but it also allows them to be contravenedRead More Creating Blakes Tyger Essay3597 Words   |  15 Pagestwo immediate options to consider -- the ruler of Heaven or the ruler of Hell, both considered immortal beings. While other â€Å"immortals† are created in literature, these two options seem most logical to address first. While this initial step, recognizing the dual meaning of â€Å"immortal,† seems fairly obvious , it is often overlooked. When it is called into question, however, the mention of the creator as one who is immortal sparks theories that have been debated for as long as critics have been strugglingRead MoreThe Raven And Ulalume By Edgar Allan Poe3442 Words   |  14 PagesAdverse Effect of Death on the Lives of Those Left Behind: Alliteration and Repetition Discussed in Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven and Ulalume Were I called on to define the term ‘Art,’ Poe once wrote, I should call it ‘the reproduction of what the Senses perceive in Nature through the veil of the Soul.’ The intense grief that is felt after losing a loved one can often result in despair and irrationality, but in some of Poe’s poetry it has resulted in the severe mental collapse of the narratorRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3152 Words   |  13 Pagessuch analysis. 1. The most well known works of Edgar Allan Poe in fiction are the hop-half frog, masque of the red death and the fall of the house of usher while in poetry â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"To Helen† are the one that became famous in American literature. 2. The common themes that showed up in his popular tales are filled w/ strange, psychological and moral realities that discusses about death Eros and horror, the art of brutality was also been expressed and it is all rooted because of humanRead MoreCommon Themes of Edgar Allan Poe3166 Words   |  13 Pagessuch analysis. 1. The most well known works of Edgar Allan Poe in fiction are the hop-half frog, masque of the red death and the fall of the house of usher while in poetry â€Å"The Raven† and â€Å"To Helen† are the one that became famous in American literature. 2. The common themes that showed up in his popular tales are filled w/ strange, psychological and moral realities that discusses about death Eros and horror, the art of brutality was also been expressed and it is all rooted because of humanRead MoreJane Austen’s Novels and the Contemporary Social and Literary Conventions.12979 Words   |  52 PagesEighteenth-Century Conduct Literature 4 1.1. The Introduction to Conduct Manuals 4 1.2. Patriarchy in Conduct Literature 4 1.3. The Private Sphere as Woman’s Domain. 5 1.4. Characteristics of ideal female features 6 1.5. Conduct Manuals and the Novels 9 2. Romantic Novels. 11 2.1. Introduction to the Novel. 11 2.2. The Novel of Manners, Sentiment and Emulation. 12 2.3 The Gothic Romance. 13 3. Jane Austen and Her Novels in relation to the Contemporary Literature. 15 3.1. Austen’s CriticismRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 Pagesimportant is Martinet s theory of double articulation, according to which the potentially unlimited number of linguistic statements a language system may express is derived from a few thousand . . . freely combinable minimal lexicogrammatical units called monemes (first articulation), which, in turn, derive from a very small number of units of a different type, the phonemes (second articulation; see Elements, Chapter I, Sections 8-14). The first articulation involves both the signifier (or expression)

I Am Wynne Nicole P Free Essays

Mostly, they call me a junior of my father because were look alike from my face to my whole body . I am slim and tall just what the other say, but I am very strong to face all the challenges of my life even I ; m looking very shy person. I like to sing and dance , even though I cannot show it up but in our house Im always sing and dance whatever I can do especially I’m doing my task or routine. We will write a custom essay sample on I Am Wynne Nicole P or any similar topic only for you Order Now I ;m very much understanding especially to my family . Because I ; m very loving daughter that makes my parents make me proud . I’m a second Child In my family . Mostly, they call me a Junior of my father because were look alike from my face to my whole body . I am slim and tall Just what the other say, but I am very strong to face all the challenges of my life even I’m or routine. I’m very much understanding especially to my family . Because I’m very How to cite I Am Wynne Nicole P, Papers

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles Essay Example For Students

Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles Essay Blind love, tragic flaws, and catastrophes are all parts of an intriguing play. After many scenes of battling, falling in love, and fighting, it still cannot be decided on who the antagonist and protagonist characters are in certain plays. In the plays of Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles, this mystery exist. Would the antagonist in the play Antigone, be Antigone herself, or is it the character of Creon? Is Juliet the antagonist in Romeo and Juliet or is it the well-meaning Friar Laurence? To find out, many things have to be looked into like the drama and tragedies in the plays. We will write a custom essay on Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare and Antigone by Sophocles specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare is a play that is very dependent on certain characters. For example, Friar Laurence, who tries to come up with a plan to make the couple live off happily together, is a very well-meaning person. Because he is the main helper of the couple, could he be considered the protagonist? Many people believe that Juliet is the protagonist of the play. She is considered to have the mind of a modern woman at the age of fifteen. She takes her own decisions without listening to her parents. Juliet also has been an independent woman since the beginning. She has never had a real mother figure because the nurse raised her and her mother did not care as much. The same could be said about Romeo but this time about his father. Friar Laurence is the character that always gave Romeo advice in times when Romeo needed it. For Juliet, this could prove that her tragic flaw (which is needed to be the protagonist) would be her stubbornness! This trait of hers also does the opposite thing in Asiatic countries. There, the character of Juliet is considered evil for going against her parents will. Romeo could also be considered the antagonist of the play. He is the person that kills Tybalt Which causes havoc between the two families and lights even a bigger feud. Tybalt is the character that has the most hatred toward Romeo. Even in the Capulet party he wanted to kick Romeo out While father Capulet remained a pacifist and let Romeo stay. Romeo s tragic flaw would be his childish acts. In the beginning of the play he is madly in love with Rosaline while he is in love with Juliet the next day! This proves inconsistency and the audience don t know what to believe in. The play Antigone also has many arguments to who the protagonists and antagonists are. There is much evidence to prove that the character of Antigone is antagonist. First of all, the name is very similar to the word antagonist. This could be similarity that was put together by Sophocles. Like Juliet, Antigone s tragic flaw is her stubbornness. She decides to bury her brother even though she knows that it is against the will of Creon and the Gods. She remains strong and alone throughout her inner battle. A big issue that would show Creon to be the antagonist of the play Antigone would be his epiphany. This is an advantage that Creon has over Antigone because Antigone stays the same throughout the whole play while Creon actually has a change. He notices his mistakes and decides to change into a better person near the end of the play. The catastrophe that occurs at the end of this play is that all the main characters end up dying which leaves Creon to be all by himself and not be able to gain from his epiphany. The drama and tragedy also play a big role in deciding of the protagonist and Antagonist characters of a play are. To be an protagonist, you have to have a tragic flaw. Almost every hero and heroine of a play has a tragic flaw. .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf , .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .postImageUrl , .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf , .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:hover , .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:visited , .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:active { border:0!important; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:active , .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u42028004e44a73303b40661cf64c80bf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Romeo and Juliet in a modern version adaptation ideasFor Antigone and Juliet it is their stubbornness. While Antigone decides to bury her brother even tough she knows it s against the gods and Creon s will she still does it. Juliet is set off to get married with Paris but goes against her parents will by stating that she will marry no other than Romeo. Romeo s tragic flaw would be his boyish/immature acts. In the fight scene with Tybalt, he never tells that that he has gotten married with Juliet and that they are brothers he remains mysterious which leads to Tybalt s death. The dramatic features also affect a play s characters greatly. Dramatic irony is a prime example for this. When Juliet tells her mother that she goes to bed early to get ready for the wedding the audience knows that she is off to take Friar Lawrence s potion instead. This is ironic because it is something that the audience knows but the characters don t. Another form of dramatic importance is foreshadowing. In the beginning of the play when Juliet defies her mother by telling her that she will not marry Paris, her mother says. The irony in this is that Juliet actually does die at the end and instead of being happy about it like she said, the mother is very sad about it. This lesson can also be learned and put into real life situations. Be careful for what you wish, because you just might get it. Considering the plays Romeo and Juliet and Antigone it is still not possible to clearly say whom the protagonist and antagonist characters are. After looking at the different forms of tragedy and drama it is almost impossible to make a valid statement. Many of the characters have tragic flaws and some even have epiphanies. Blind love will always remain a big factor in Romeo and Juliet while the questions of family values will always be a big one in Antigone. As people, we need to think in the third dimension and look at all the evidence carefully in making judgements.

Across FIve Aprils Essays - Jethro, Across Five Aprils, Free Essays

Across FIve Aprils Essays - Jethro, Across Five Aprils, Free Essays Across FIve Aprils In Across FIve Aprils, the character are faced with many difficult decisions, which range from difficult choices on lovr to lyalty. One such example is the decision Bill Creigghton makes. He decided that he wantes to join sides with the Confecderate army, against his area's popular belief to support the Union. Bill decided to do this because, in his belief, and area shouldn't have its way of life taken away from it because of war. This shows that Bill cares about tothers and feel that things that have already been established should stay the way they are. Finally, Shadrach Yale is faced with another difficult decision. He decided that though he could have stayed home witht he things and peopole he loved, he shouold go off to war to fight on the Union front. Shad did this because he felt that he shouldn't be safe at home while other men were out fighting the war. His decision says that Shad is an unselfish person who is couragerous. Another character that must make a difficult decision is Jethro Creighton. He decided not to turn in his courin Eb to the authorities, after he find him in hiding because he is a deserter. Jethro also decieded not to tell his family about it. He finally decided to write Presiden Abraham Lincoln for help. Jethro dosen't tell his family about it because he doesn't wat to add another load to their already very heavy burden. He doesn't turn in Eb because he loves his cousin too much to turn him in. THis says about Jethro that he's willing to stay loyal to his family, even if it means breaking the law, as with Eb. He also cares very much about his family because he doesn't want to upset them And he's also willing to go to great pains for e"Eb, because he writes Abraham Lincoln and he takes on the eomtional burden of dealilng with Eb. All thee characters represent only a portion of those in this novel who sacrifice things dear to them to do what they believe is right.

Genre Theory Essay Essays

Genre Theory Essay Essays Genre Theory Essay Paper Genre Theory Essay Paper Essay Topic: Equus Genres what are they. and why are they so of import in the movie industry? Genres a sort of label or class something people can establish what topographic point outlooks or derive a general thought of what the movie is about. and will be like. However most genres will probably hold a bomber genre Harmonizing to Goodyknootz. B. . A ; Jacobs. C. P. ( 2014 ) Movie: From watching to seeing ( 2nd ed. ) CH4. â€Å"Many genres besides have a assortment of related Subgenres with more narrowly defined expressions and outlooks. † Having these smaller categorizations set giving a mix of class. and outlooks allows for a batch more alone assortment. Some movies can frequently blend 4 genres into a individual movie leting the Godhead the free usage of his imaginativeness. nevertheless even these movies finally will fall into a major genre class. Unfortunately genres can besides do some people to frequently judge a movie based on it’s genre. if they’ve seen a certain movie that was a Western for case that they did non specialness enjoy they will presume all movies under this genre are non worth their clip. As stated in Goodyknootz. B. . A ; Jacobs. C. P. ( 2014 ) Movie: From watching to seeing ( 2nd ed. ) CH4. : â€Å"It is non a preordained step of quality. despite the manner some movie theoreticians and critics might disregard a â€Å"genre† film formulaic for serious dramatic analysis† despite this genres are really of import. they label the movies doing it easier for viewing audiences to happen the kind of film they are desiring the see at any giving clip. These labels help people make determinations when picking a movie to watch. either doing them to desire or non desire to see certain movies based on its genre word pictures. When looking at specific genres they frequently have their reoccurring features that instantly allow that movie to fall into a specific genre. for illustration Westerns Harmonizing to Goodyknootz. B. . A ; Jacobs. C. P. ( 2014 ) Movie: From watching to seeing ( 2nd ed. ) CH4. â€Å"At its GENRE THEORY 3 simplest. a Western is a adult male and his Equus caballus. taking on the battles of nature and his fellow man† . Most Horse operas are set in a mainframe of 1800’s-1900’s giving them the natural state wild American frontier feel. and the chief characters are frequently outlaws or underdogs. taking out the wild West. The most recent Western movie I personally have seen was 3:10 to Yuma. this film was about a little rancher and. Civil War veteran Dan Evans who was wounded losing his leg. now after the wars end is fighting to back up his married woman and kids. When a wanted pack leader Ben Wade is captured in his country after robbing a stagecoach. he volunteers to escort the captive to the train station to do the 3:10 to Yuma for $ 200. As Dan Evans and the jurisprudence work forces head to the train station his group is pursued by the Outlaw Ben Wades pack of unsafe criminals. Bing set shortly after the civil war 3:10 to Yuma this puts the narrative in a clip frame where most of the West was still really unsettled. and wild. This movie besides has many 1800’s manner fire battles affecting six-guns and individual shooting rifles. opposing the gunman pack of homicidal criminals against the law officers who fight to keep order on the frontier. and Dan Wade who fights for his household. 3:10 to Yuma is non merely a Western movie but the chief elements that made this movie so good. and the ground I personally enjoyed it was to Drama goaded narrative of how the Outlaw Ben Wade easy becomes friends with Civil War vet Dan Evans. As the movie progresses Ben starts to understand. and sympathise with Dan Evans state of affairs of he lost his leg and how he feels useless in back uping his household as a cripple. Near the terminal of the movie Ben Wade begins to assist Dan Evans with acquiring him to the train so Dan Evans can roll up the $ 200 premium promised by the GENRE THEORY 4 jurisprudence work forces. When Dan Evans eventually acquire Ben Wade to the train his is fatally shot by the pro-suing pack but non before his boy see’s him acquiring Ben to the train leting him to decease a hero to his boy. In the terminal to me genres and basic plot line are a really necessary thing for films it allows you to hold a basic understand of what you’re about to watch without destroying the secret plan before you have to opportunity to plunge into the narrative. and acquire the enjoyment of a fresh narrative for yourself.

History of the World Bank. What is the impact of the world bank upon Essay

History of the World Bank. What is the impact of the world bank upon development in the south - Essay Example The World Bank Group has five agencies (IEG, 2008). Since its inception during World War II with an objective to rebuild Europe, the World Bank generated more criticism and controversy than any other financial institution in the world. Even threatened by its conceivers, beneficiaries, and supporters, the World Bank is closely monitored by agencies which developed around it over a period of time. The institution itself reached at a stage of engulfed by the mounting pressures. However, these pressures have always been there and exerted by either donor governments, national governments, donor agencies, citizen groups, or even World Bank's employees. Their annual meetings are echoed by the slogans of "Ya Basta!" ("Enough is enough!")(Nath, 2001, p.1). Moreover, Meltzer commission report (2000) declared the World Bank as "irrelevant" in the mission of reducing poverty and promoting development (cited in Nath, 2001, p.1). The World Bank as Global Development Agency During the Bretton Woods , USA conference in 1944, 43 countries' meeting led to the establishment of International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD).IBRD's major objective was to provide loans for rebuilding Europe after WWII. For instance IBRD provided US$28,600,000 for rebuilding and development of the steel industry in France, Belgium, and Luxembourg (World Bank, cited in Nath, 2001, p.2).However, the World Bank's lending portfolio failed to meet the increasing demands within the industrialized countries. Mounting pressure led IBRD to channelize its funds in other developing and poor nations. However, the lack of expertise in dealing with developing countries and a continuous pressure to lend made it disastrous which led to overnight rebirth of IBRD as the World Bank. In its shift from West to East, the World Bank could anticipate the investment opportunities in long-term loans to developing countries for their huge infrastructure projects. It led to the dramatic increase in the Bank's lendi ng for large scale dam project sin Asia, roads projects in Africa, and highway projects in Latin America(Nath,2001,pp.2-3). With above deployments, the World Bank found its niche-electricity supply that is associated with dam projects and represented nearly 50 percent of Bank's annual lending.World Bank patented the approach of "Economic Colonization" for global development. The newly found role as a developmental financial institution, World Bank grew as a powerful and influential institution throughout world. Its investments proved to be very profitable for donors and stakeholders since 1948.There had been times when annual rate of return exceeded the annual amount of loan provided. In that period, even when Bank focused on investing in socials sector, the traditional sector investments increased (World Bank 1992, BIC, 1990 cited in Nath, 2001, p.3). The trend of such investment and returns continued until international debt crisis emerged in early 1980s.The risk of World Bank loa n's default increased. The Bank changed its focus after a series of closed door meetings of World Bank's shareholders (United States, Japan, Germany, France, and UK). Rather than a traditional project lending approach, World Bank focused on bringing developing economies in its control in order to ensure the return. Until the ends of early 80s, approximately 25 percent of the Bank's funds were used for economic restructuring of developing countries through its Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs).SAP was remote controlling the budget and expenses of the recipient countries. World Bank and IMF, often called Bretton Woods twins, were in a

Development of Pprogram for Non-Verbal Communication Skills Research Paper

Development of Pprogram for Non-Verbal Communication Skills - Research Paper Example Everything communicates, including material objects, physical space and time systems. Although verbal output can be turned off, non-verbal cannot. Even silence speaks. Non-verbal signals are powerful, instinctive, genuine and more honest. Social etiquette limits what can be said, but non-verbal cues can communicate thoughts. MODES OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION Non-verbal communication has the following modes – Proxemics – Nearness or physical distance between speakers. Chronemics – Time systems. Oculesics – Eye contacts and reflection of mind through eyes. Haptics – Touch sensation Para-language – features of intonation, stress etc. Kinesics – gestures Silence Inaction Demonstration Environment NEED AND IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH Words are accented and punctuated by body movements and gestures while the face shows a myriad of expressions. While communicating, non-verbal messages can interact with verbal messages in five ways – repeati ng, conflicting, complementing, substituting and moderating. It is important to be aware of the dominance of the non-verbal message. The validity and the reliability of verbal messages are checked by non-verbal actions. Verbal and non-verbal messages within the same interaction can sometimes send opposing or conflicting messages. A person verbally expressing a statement of truth while simultaneously fidgeting or avoiding eye-contact may convey a mixed message to the receiver in the interaction. Conflicting messages may occur for a variety of reasons often stemming from feelings of uncertainty or frustration. When mixed messages occur, non-verbal communication becomes the primary tool people use to attain additional information to clarify the situation. Great attention is placed on bodily movements when people perceive mixed message4s during interaction. This mode of communication increases the degree of the perceived psychological closeness between people. Non-verbal communication s kills pervade all areas of life like business, marketing, management, trade and education. It is natural. Instinctive and universal and can serve to bridge the communication gap in the global scenario. LITERATURE REVIEW There is abundant research on communication but cooperatively, much less attention has been given to non-verbal communication. Most of the studies in this field are carried out by doctors or medical practitioners. They are related to autistic children or mentally retarded children or children having special needs. Albert Mehrabian, an American psychologist, has studied the relative importance of verbal and non-verbal communication. He came to the conclusion that there are basically three elements in face-to-face communication – word, tone of voice and body language. According to Mehrabian, these three account differently for the meaning of the message. Words account for 7%, tone of voice accounts for 39% and body language for 55%. For meaningful and effective communication, these three elements need to support each other. While verbal communication is only 7%, non-verbal consists of 38 + 55= 93%. Hence, there is no doubt as to its importance. REVIEWS 1. The researcher conducted a study on schools children and concluded six ways of improving NVC skills, like miming, watching video clips and interpretation of gestures. (Vicki Ritts )

The Entwistle 4mat Review Theology Religion Essay

The Entwistle 4mat Review Theology Religion Essay Integrative Approaches to Psychology and Christianity allowed me to understand the past occurrences of psychology and theology. The book displayed the religion and confidence that psychology and Christianity should combine for it to possess a higher understanding and permitting the client a higher probability of healing. So as to do this there should be an entire understanding of every element in and of itself. Entwistles (2010) book presented all the facts from history as it has formed society these days. As he mentioned these historic events, it shows simply how the knowledge today may be a reflection or reaction of what happened then. Christianity has invariably had an enormous impact on world history and the way the planet is viewed. The author makes it clear that God offers humans reality and honesty in His Word. When consideration of his works is given his Word has begun to demonstrate an impact on the planet. The Word of God is the Bible that God created as a guide to living life in the way that God designed to be the best for humankind. Theology and Psychology do not appear to be to be compatible however they are similar when it involves the appreciation and comprehension that enables a persons life to be meaningful. The planet is filled with individuals that have many abilities to share. God created us in his image therefore that makes each of us distinctive in our own sense. We all have things of our own to share and contribute to the world around us. Theology and Psychology are earnestly applied in human character and human purpose. The author identifies within the book that there are not any dissimilarities between the holy and therefore the worldly person when it involves the truth. Within the hearts of men, good and evil exists; it is our human nature. All are born into sin, being sinful is inevitable. The author makes a sensible argument when he wrote this book. The incorporation of psychology and theology makes for a nice combination in helping individuals with an assortment of issues. He emphasizes the magnitude within the ever-evolving worldviews towards the last part of the book and the author even provides an example for all to pursue. It would be helpful when aiding clients or daily interaction with others. The practice of integrating the approaches between psychology and Christianity is the result that has taken complete type from psychology and the reality that God has given to humankind (the Bible). The theories, worldviews and sinful intentions that are established throughout the society can offer certain obstacles for the combination of psychology and Christianity from individual and business views. The main goal of secular psychology and Christianity is to assist people to prevail over any problems or circumstances in their lives. Any recipients of the secularisms and Christianity itself ought to look past their pictures and target the task that helps man through the troublesome times in their lives. The application of theology and psychology will turn out miracles in individuals lives. It appears as if the aim of this book is to supply universal steerage toward the advancement of humanitys overall state of being. Concrete Responses This information I gained from this book helped me to put a puzzle together that relates to my parents marriage. Psychology tries to explain why we as humans do what we do to each other. Christianity shows us how God wants us to treat each other. God gives us a better way. When I think back to what I witnessed as a child during my parents marriage and subsequent divorce was that when God was in the midst of our home, the relationship that my parents had was strong. When God was no longer the center of our lives my parents relationship fell apart and ended in divorce. The impact and the emotional pain of my parents divorce are still with my siblings and me to this day. The psychological and spiritual support that my parents needed at that time was not available to them. I remember my Mother saying that she felt like they were abandoned by our church when our family needed their support the most. Our family separated from our church after my parents divorced and it was many years later before any of my family sought out a church home again. I think we as a society know better now. When you know better you will do better. There is more psychological and spiritual support for families that are in crisis now. I can see the value of what I want to do as a profession, and how I want to help families even more clearly now. Reflection The questions that I actually have for the author of this book are: How do we convince those in need of counseling services to decide on a Christian counselor versus a secular counselor? How will the concept of Christian counseling grow and flourish in the secular world? I would think that possibly the best means of promoting Christian counseling would be through word of mouth. For you will be His witness to all men of what you have seen and heard. Acts 22:15 (NKJV) It is important that we are passionate witnesses for God. Many people will rely on word of mouth when they are in search of a professional person or service. I did not feel that this book was well laid out. It appears to be too academically weighted which means it might reach a wider audience if the words, theories and ideas were a touch more simplistic. I found myself having to look up particular words in order to fully understand what was being discussed. It was quite distracting and time consuming. Somebody with less education than myself would most likely have a troublesome time reading and understanding this book. Although it is academically heavy, I actually found that it is a resourceful tool and filled with insight regarding the planet and the way we can view theology, psychology and Christianity. Upon finishing the book, I actually gained an abundance of information and would suggest it to others. Action When I become a Christian counselor, my approach to reaching my clients will be to consistently depend on the power of prayer, the Holy Spirit and Gods truth in scripture to enable them to make positive changes in their lives. I will want to share my own personal experiences to help my clients to relate to me and to trust me and to help them to understand that I experience the same challenges as they do in life. Hopefully, I can be an example of love, compassion, understanding, and proof of happier days on the other side of whatever the problem might be that they are dealing with. Humbling myself before my clients will enable me to serve them as if I were serving God. As each one has received a gift, minister it to one another, as good stewards of the manifold grace of God. 1 Peter 4:10 (NKJV) Serving others with the only purpose of reflecting Gods love and bringing them into His presence could be an invaluable experience that I want to be a part of. There are a great deal of people in this world of strife that are hurting and in need of comfort and peace. I would like to become someone that God can use to bring this about for his people that he loves so dearly.

MacDonald’s Corporation Essay

McDonald’s Corporation is an American based world’s leading company in the fast food industry. Headquartered in the United States, the company began in 1940 as a barbecue restaurant operated by Richard and Maurice. McDonald in 1948 they reorganized their business as a hamburger stand using production line principles. Ray Kroc joined the company in 1955 as a franchise. A McDonald’s restaurant is operated by either a franchisee, an affiliate or the corporation itself. McDonald’s Corporation revenues come from the rent, royalties, and fees paid by the franchisees, as well as sales in company-operated restaurants. In 2012, McDonald’s Corporation had annual revenues of $27.5 billion, and profits of $5.5 billion. Products: Macdonald’s primarily sells hamburgers, cheeseburgers, chicken burgers, French fries, breakfast items, soft drinks, milkshakes and deserts including ice-creams. Currently restaurant also expanded its menu to include salads, fish, wraps, smoothies and fruits in order to change the taste of the consumers. Company also serve soup in the Asian countries. The menu of the company differs according to the serving countries like prawn burger in Singapore. In Germany and western European countries MacDonald’s serve beer also. Operating countries: Macdonald’s corporation is one of the largest fast food selling company. It have 31,800 flagship restaurants serving nearly 68 million people in each day among the 119 countries worldwide. Mainly, company operated by franchisee, an affiliate or the corporation itself. Basically company is operated largely in America, Canada and European countries like U.K., Competitors: There are many fast food restaurant running currently in the market. However, Macdonald’s is one of the largest company operating internationally. Though, MacDonald’s itself is a brand but also it have some of the competitors in the market. There are many small fast food restaurant like as chicken and chips shops which serve the most of the items served by MacDonald’s in context to U.K. Besides these small fast food operating restaurant some of  other big company are also running internationally. Such as Burger King, KFC fast food, Sam, Subway, etc. All of these are the main competitors of the MacDonald’s. PESTLE ANALYSIS. POLITICAL FACTOR: The international operations of McDonald’s are highly influenced by the individual state policies enforced by each government. (2001) For instance, there are certain groups in Europe and the United States that clamour for state actions pertaining to the health implications of eating fast food. (2005) they have indicated that harmful elements like cholesterol and adverse effects like obesity are attributable to consuming fast food products. On the other hand, the company is controlled by the individual policies and regulations of operations. Specific markets focus on different areas of concern such as that of health, worker protection, and environment. All these elements are seen in the government control of the licensing of the restaurants in the respective states. For instance, there is an impending legal dispute in the McDonald’s franchise in India where certain infringement of rights and violation of religious laws pertaining to the contents of the food. The existence of meat in their menus in India is apparently offensive to the Hindu religion in the said market. In terms of the Asian countries there are many people who do not consume beef burger and it hurts their religion as well. This kind of act arise the dispute and violence and it affects the business of the company. Like also in Middle East countries, they have their political law that meat provided in the country should be Halal. The company should f ocus on the religion, ethnic and the political status of the operating countries for the sustainable business. There are also other studies that points to the infringement of McDonald’s Stores with reference to the existing employment laws in the target market. Like any business venture, these McDonald’s stores have to contend with the issues of employment procedures as well as their tax obligations so as to succeed in the foreign market. Political system: 1. Liberal democracy (less than half 191 UN members) A liberal democracy is a form of representative democracy in which elected representatives who hold power are limited by a constitution that emphasizes protecting individual liberties, equality and the rights of minority groups. Among the many liberties that might be protected are freedom of speech and assembly, freedom of religion, the right to private property and privacy as well as equality before the law and due process under the rule of law. Such constitutional rights, also called liberal rights, are guaranteed through various controlled institutions and statutory laws. Additionally, the constitutions of most contemporary liberal democracies prohibits majorities, which is rule by the will of majority, when it harms those in the minority. 2. Authoritarian or absolutist (Burma, Saudi Arabia) A political theory holding that all power should be vested in one ruler or other authority. b. A form of government in which all power is vested in a single ruler or other authority. 2. An absolute doctrine, principle, or standard. 3. Communist (china, Cuba, North Korea) Communist reg the term â€Å"Communist state† is generally applied to a state with a republican form of government characterized by single-party or dominant-party rule by a Communist party which sets as its ultimate aim the construction of communism. Technically, â€Å"communist state† is a contradiction in termini as a communist society is in principle stateless; hence such states do not refer to themselves with this term, but rather as socialist states or workers’ states. It should therefore be understood that â€Å"Communist†, in this sense, refers to the Communist organization governing the state rather than the state structure itself (imes) 4. Theocratic (Iran, Vatican) Theocracy is a society governed by priests, or one whose government is heavily influenced by religious leaders. Originally, theocracy meant a system where divine law was the basis of all humanly enacted law, and in which religious and political hierarchies were merged. Today, the term  theocracy is applied to refer to the dominance of religion over state. Technological Factor: McDonald’s generates a demand for their own products. The Company’s key tool for marketing is by means of television advertisements. There are similarly some claims that McDonald’s are inclined to interest the younger populations more. The existence of play spots as well as toys in meals offered by the company shows this actuality. Other demonstration of such a marketing strategy is apparent in the commercials of they use. They employ animated depictions of their characters like Grimace and Ham burglar. Other advertising operations employ popular celebrities to promote their products. Company also have its marketing strategy like as Facebook, Google Ads, etc. The like has become endorsers for McDonald’s worldwide â€Å"loving’ it† campaign. Moreover, the operations of McDonald’s have significantly been infused with new technology. Elements like the inventory system and the management of the value chain of the company allows for easy pa yments for their suppliers and other vendors which the individual stores in respective markets deal with. The integration of technology in the operations of McDonalds tend to add value to their products. Basically, this is manifested in the improvements on its value chain. The improvement of the inventory system as well as its supply chain allows the company to operate in an international context. According to (computing.co.uk) MacDonald’s are inventing the new ideas of technology. The company is also introducing wireless networking, PlayStation 2 video games consoles, internet terminals, flat screen televisions and music videos into its revamped stores. They are also providing free WiFi in the context to U.K. market. According to (marketingmagazine Jan 2011) MacDonald’s have started using contactless card payment service in U.K. This services helps in faster service for the consumer and saves the time period. Macdonald’s also have invented their new machinery equipment for the better service. They use new process for oil refining and latest machines which help in le ss pollution. They also use their cooked oil as bio diesel for their own delivery trucks. SOCIO- CULTURAL FACTOR Articles on the international strategies of McDonald’s seem to function on  several fields to guarantee lucrative returns for the organisation. To illustrate, the organisation improves on establishing a positive mind-set from their core consumers. McDonald’s indulge a particular variety of consumers with definite types of personalities. It has also been noted that the company have given the markets such as the United Kingdom, an option with regards to their dining needs. (2005) pointed out that McDonald’s has launched a sensibly valued set of food that tenders a reliable level of quality for the respective market where it operates. Additionally, those who are aged just below the bracket of thirty-five are said to be the most frequent consumers of McDonald’s franchises. As socio – cultural includes the attitudes of people, religion, their culture, taste, family, etc all this factor may affects the MacDonald’s company. As matter of fact, MacD onald’s opened in India have to be concern in selling the meat products like beef, mutton, and pork. The religion where these products are as offensive will not be consumed. Another example is selling meat products in Muslim based countries also. All the meat products should be Halal otherwise the consumer will not use the products. Other meat is pork which is not allowed to sell in the countries of Middle East like U.A.E, Dubai, Qatar etc. MacDonald’s should focus on the culture of the operating countries. The culture and tradition of the country also impact on MacDonald’s. Many people have tradition of not using the market cooked foods or they don’t have culture of eating outside, this also may affect the business of the company. Education and awareness is another factor. People may have the bad image of the food they consume if the quality of the food is not well. As a result they spread the negativity which may arise the fall in the sell. Another is age groups of people. So, company should emphasis on the socio-cultural aspect of the operating countries in order to provide the best service and obtain well business. Currently in U K MacDonald’s faced social problem. As from report from BBC, it was found about the sexual poem in the Kid Meal which was complained by the parents of the country and later the company apologised. LEGAL FACTOR In the external environment legal factor also have its impact in the different organisation and companies. In context to the fast food companies it arises the different problems. The legal issues regarding the quality of  foods, employees, environment and many more are some of them. There was a current roar against the fast food industry. It has forced McDonald’s to apply more close examination on their corporate social responsibility. As a whole it has addressed to requirement of the company to generate its corporate reputation to more positive and the more socially responsible company. The reputation of McDonald’s is obviously a huge question. Noticed on company’s web site, seems, that they have got steps to take in hand the key social condemnation that they abused them in the last decades. The company gave to their clients the corresponding data in which they need the relation of food essence of their products. This is to attend to the arguments of obesity c harged against the products of the company. In the same way consumers have provided freedom in a choice, whether they want to buy the meal. It is connected with socio-cultural market signs which they influence. For example, operations in predominantly Muslim countries demand, that their meat corresponded to Halal requirements of the law. In the same regard, those that operate in countries in the European Union should correspond to the existing laws forbidding usage of genetically modified meat products in their meal. Other legal concepts as tax obligations, employment standards, and requirements to a degree of quality are only a few of important elements on which the company should consider. Otherwise, smooth operations should be difficult to reach. Some issues may be: company sells fatty foods it may be changed in the operating countries. Other, MacDonald’s opens 24 hour in some places which also may be changed by the law and gets affected. PORTER’S FIVE FORCES 1. The threat of entry of new competitor   McDonalds, has make an entry barriers that others competitor cannot enter the fast food industry easily because, McDonalds have good product and services that customer has learned to expect from fast food industry.  · As we can see, people more choose McDonalds compare to others fast food like KFC, Burger King or A&W because MacDonald’s has cheaper price a lots of menu that suitable with Malaysian taste and good service like MC Delivery compare to others fast food restaurant.  ·The greatest strength was creating an image in the minds of the people and introducing them to the fast food culture. Delivery speed, customer care and cleanliness are the core strengths on  which these stores expanded. They created a corporate symbol and their advertisement campaigns were highly successful in establishing the brand image and logo in the minds of the millions. Two main competitors generally identified with McDonald are the Burger King a nd the KFC. McDonald marketing strategy is concerned with the internal resources.  ·A large amount of product differentiation exists in the industry. The McDonald brand ranks as 8th in Business Weeks Scoreboard over global brands. Furthermore the brands KFC and Pizza Hut are also represented (with place nr. 61 and 63 on the scoreboard). This signifies a large consumer preference to the global brands, and would create somewhat of a barrier for new entrants. 2. The bargaining power of supplier Different suppliers have different bargain powers in the fast food industry. There is the soft drink industry where mayor supplier brand names supplies products and brand value to the fast food industry. Then there is the large amount of smaller suppliers that delivers other products to the fast food industry. For example, Coca Cola and Pepsi. The market for soft drinks is dominated by a few companies. Mainly Coca Cola and Pepsi. These soft drinks suppliers are the only ones who have the capacity to match the needs of the global fast food chains. The domination of a few suppliers in an industry with more customers sets a high bargaining power for the suppliers.  · The fast food industry is interested in having the soft drink producers being a part of their own branding. The Pepsi and Coca Cola brand have a global brand ranking of respectively 23 and 1.  · With the smaller fast food places the soft drink suppliers are holding all the bargaining power, since the individual fast foo d companies does not form a significant part of the supplier clientele, and their business could be partially dependent of the suppliers willingness to provide necessary equipment for the company. 3. The bargaining power of customers (buyers) Since the industry is flooded with many different kinds of fast foods and many different suppliers of fast food, then the buyer are in a situation where many suppliers are offering products that have a certain similarity. Since the global fast food chains have been trying to match each other’s successful products and product packages, then the buyers can actually buy  similar products from multiple suppliers, and that is a situation the empowers the buyer.Furthermore, if the fast food industry does not match the demands of the buyers and the general consumer trends, then the buyers can choose not to buy their product and convince others to do the same.  · A good example of this is the movie ‘Super Size Me’ in America. It is a movie showing an ordinary consumer trying living of McDonald’s fast food, and the purpose of the movie was to see what the traditional fast food from MC Donald could do to your health if you were to eat their products for every mea l. This movie shows what the buyers possible reactions could be if not satisfied or not being pleased. The reactions from the whole market were a large change in consumer preferences and brand preferences. 4. The threat of substitute products or services The generic products of fast food are mainly considered as convenience. Convenience and availability are the main drivers for choosing fast food. However, this is backed up by focus on value. Since the market as a whole consists of many differentiated fast food companies, then the customers are used to having the option of choosing the best value products.  · The value of the substitute products in general matches the fast food products and the consumer preferences of the consumers. The substitute product offers both cheap value meals and quality products for both ends of the quality scale that the fast food industry normally targets. Furthermore, it offers healthy alternatives to match the consumer needs and wishes.  · The differences between McDonald and their others competitive are services of delivery that is Mc Delivery that give a good service, faster and make customer easy to buy from any kind of set of menu at McDonald’s. 5. The rivalry among existing firms in the industry McDonald however is far larger than most in the industry with 31,000 outlets compared to its nearest hamburger competitor Burger King, with 11,500 (Reuters, 2008). KFC (owned by 2nd largest competitor Yum! Brands (Yahoo7finance, 2008), Burger King and countless others sell similar product to McDonald.  · McDonald traditional competitors include many of the other fast food outlets across the country has been shown that the presence of a Burger King, for example, will increase the likelihood that McDonald will  open nearby. Thus, it can be seen that the threat of competition from traditional rivals is intense and should never be over looked. In general, McDonald and its main competitors (Burger King Corporation, Wendy’s International, Inc., Hardee’s, and Jack in the Box) are active in making fresh moves to improve their market standing and business performance by introducing their product innovation and launching many outlets franchise. A good example of this would be the price competition between multiple fast food chains’ value meals. Price dumping is normally a good way to attract new customers, or stealing customers from competing companies, and since it have been a growing consumer trend to go after these value meals, then it is a product category that have been adapted from most of the global fast food companies. The high level of competition forces the individual competitors to copy of each others are products and ideas quickly since the competitors are always keeping an eye out for new ideas for themselves, and so far there have been no way of protecting a burger or sandwich recipe. In Malaysia, every Chinese New Year, there will be a prosperity burger. Thereby they have found a way to differentiate, which gives them a bit more space to move in, and thereby a little less fierce competition.  · The main competition goes through the branding. In addition, the competition to create the strongest brand is fierce. Firstly, normal advertising through TV, posters radio-commercials are regular. However, the biggest brands like McDonald’s and Burger King have been branding their own brand through piggy backing on other brands power. Ecological Factors affecting International Business Environment or ecological factor is one of the aspect of external environment. Ecological factor is any factor, biotic (living) or abiotic (non-living) that influences living organism. All the environmental factor brings marked distributional, structural and functional changes in the living creatures which directly affects the business internationally. International business is highly influenced by the different ecological factors. Manufacturing industries, different organisations, food selling companies, etc faced the several problem through many environmental factors. For the sustainable growth and development of any business all the aspect  should be well matched. In absence or excess of any factor, which is necessary in the business may arise the depletion in the business. As a matter of fact, ecological factor should be considered vitally for the growth of international business. Below we will discuss some of the ecological factor that affects the business. 1. Climate, weather and climate change Any business can only be success in the favourable climate and weather of the place. Climate and weather is very important in order to have a growth of business. It affects the business in the unfavourable conditions. Especially climate, weather and climate change affect the industries such as tourism, farming, insurance etc. The adverse effect of climate change causes many problem in the industries. However, businesses that are dependent on long-term investment are likely to have larger impacts, because the consequences of climate change increase over time. So the industries of construction, real estate, transport and infrastructure are likely to be the most effected by climate change impacts. As for the example, tourism sector will be directly affected by the climate change and the weather condition of the place. People couldn’t broad to their destination due to the inconvenience. Climate change may occur high temperature, low temperature, high rainfall etc. in the improper time period which result problem for the tourist. Currently, in USA there was a high snowfall in the history which is due to the climate change. As a result the industries and companies are not able to run their business accordingly. Climate change will affect almost all forms of infrastructure: electricity, gas, and water in the utilities as well as transport access and telecommunications. This in turn will affect people. 2. Natural calamities Natural calamities or disasters are another factor of ecology which affect dynamically on the business. These disaster came unknowingly and create the adverse effect not only on the business but also affect people. Natural disaster affect all small and large types of business. Natural disaster includes flood, landslides, earthquake, volcano, tsunami, storm, hurricane, and others. If one of these occurs than it brings the wide problem in all  companies and industries. Additionally, natural disasters have larger repercussions for small businesses because they often operate from a single location. As small businesses also gets the majority of their business from customers in the surrounding area, any of these disaster may bring the adverse effect. As for example last year storm in New York causes several problems. Business are closed for many days due to unviability of electricity, water, telecommunication, transportation etc. Due to this factor business cannot take off and there was a huge loss in all sector of businesses. Another example is flood in Pakistan, Tsunami in Philippines, volcano in Indonesia, earthquake in japan etc. As of the report Japan nearly need a year to recreate it business in all of the sector. Not only the host countries businesses get affected but also they affects worldwide. There will be shortage of supply and recession may arise. 3. Pollution and wastes Another ecological factor affecting the business internationally is pollution. It is one of the most important factor which is to be consider in the change in businesses. Mainly there are air, water, noise and land pollution. All of these four pollution creates the adverse effect in current business sector worldwide. All type of businesses are influenced from pollution. Manufacturing industries are highly affected through this factor. Due to high pollution businesses cannot produce high number of product due to which it generate loss in the industries. Chemical industries are main source of water pollution, they are advised to deactivate their chemicals and proper managements for their waste and build separate place to dispose it. Due to which companies need to spend big amount of money for the waste management. In china government encourage to use the public transport instead of private due to extreme air pollution. This directly affects the motor industries sector as their sales ge t decrease. According to the report from BBC, due to the extreme air pollution in Hong Kong it is very difficult for the people. Tourism industries is influenced as people cannot see the proper scenery due to the air pollution. As from report air quality in Hong Kong is three times worse than London and New York. Wastes management also affect the business sector. Proper waste management gives the healthy environment. Mainly food factories and restaurants are affected due to waste  pollution. 4. Global warming and depletion of resources Global warming is the average increase in the temperature of the earth in air level and oceans. Industries including agriculture, tourism, health, real – state etc. are main sector of business which are affected. Due to the pollution and global warming the depletion of Ozone layers is highly occurring as a result the UV rays of sun will directly fall in the earth surface and increases its temperature. This affects the wildlife, agriculture and others sector dynamically. The business in this sector gets affected and it creates the vital problem. Another is depletion of natural resources. Raw materials are one of the important ingredients to run any type of business. All the manufacturing industries required raw material to run their business. Due to the global warming and improper use of resources it difficult for the companies to find raw materials which may result closing of the businesses. Scarcity of raw materials typically slow down the long term strategies and responses b y the business, thereby missing on opportunities to make early moves and position themselves competitively. Ecological Factor affecting MacDonald’s MacDonald’s corporation is one of the largest fast food selling company globally. It have its companies in more than 119 countries serving 68 millions of people each day. McDonald’s is growing day by day by increasing the number of restaurant. The main source of ingredient and packaging is nature. McDonald’s has a Rain Forest Policy, which declares its commitment to beef purchasing practices that do not contribute to tropical de-forestation. Everyday McDonalds using a huge amount of napkins, carryout bag, tray lines, clamshells. Oil and water is other major ingredient using in MacDonald’s. Environment is the most important in context to the business of MacDonald’s. As most of the ingredients came from the environment and they need depend on it. However, due to different ecological factors there is imbalance in the ecosystem and environments gets affected. As a result various impacts affects the business of MacDonald’s. Some of the ecological factors which affects MacDonald’s corporation are discussed below: 1. Global Warming and climate/weather change The process of changing the temperature of the earth surface gradually and occurring the unfavourable climate is known to be global warming. In a common way, having the imbalance climate and weather in earth surface which is not acceptable for the living creatures indicates as global warming. MacDonald’s is the fast food selling company which is highly affected due to the impact of climate change and global warming. Most of the materials used by the company are fully available from nature. First of all let we discuss the resources used by the MacDonald’s to run its business. They use different animals such as beef, chicken, pork, etc. Vegetables and salad are also most important for their productions. Organic coffee beans which comes from tropical rain forest is another raw materials which are used. Other several resources are used to run the business. Climate change and global warming creates impact in the whole environment not only in the numbers of product. MacDonald’s use the coffee beans from African tropical forest, due to the climate change their will not be the favourable environment to produce the organic coffee, as a result company need to use for cost to recreate its business. On the other hand, customers may not be fully satisfied because of non-organic and in concern to the health. Also tropical deforestation is becoming one of the vital problem which generates the low production of resources. This result the fall in the business. Different animals are used in the burger of MacDonald’s, due to global warming the UV rays of the sun are reflect back into the earth and its temperature rises gradually which makes difficult for the creature to survive. Global warming brings the unpredictable weather conditions. This will bring the bad impact in the business like MacDonald’s. As of the current example, heavy snowfall in New York City which is due to the global warming. Many places were affected due to that unpredictable snowfall. As a result all the companies including MacDonald were also closed for several days. Overall, global warming and climate change is one of the hot topic of concern in current situation. Food sectors and many more are adversely affected through unpredictable change in the environment. All the business sectors are fully responsible to do a research and generate awareness in controlling the environment. 2. Natural Disaster, pollution and resources depletion. Natural disasters are those calamities which have not any time period to happen. They happens automatically and unknowingly. It includes flood, landslides, earthquake, volcano, etc. Food selling companies like MacDonald’s are directly affected due to this type of disasters. Normally, people are affected in the places of occurrence. So, the business of that places influenced badly. In terms of MacDonald’s in U.K, beef are provided from Scotland. If disaster like landslides or earthquake happens than there will be difficulties in the transportation facilities. Other like communication, electricity, water facilities, etc are also affected. Due to which there will not be supply of goods. As a result it slow down the business of MacDonald’s and customer are will not be satisfied. As for the example, tsunami in Japan, Flood in Pakistan, storm in USA, etc directly affects the business. Due to this factor MacDonald’s are closed for long period of time. Pollution is also one of the ecological factor which created disturbances in the business of food selling companies. As MacDonald’s corporation use most of the natural resources for it food production, pollution mainly affects the environment. Harmful gases are released by the different manufacturing industries which creates air pollution. Due to this pollution there is more probability of acid rain which dynamically affects the living creatures and plants. MacDonald’s use coffee bean seeds from tropical rain forest, but due to acid rain it will generate several problems and will not be more organic. Different kinds of diseases will emerge in the animals like beef, chicken and pork. As MacDonald’s is popular for Hamburger, the diseases like swine flu will directly affect in the pork, another bird flu in chicken and others. Government may apply the new rules regarding water, noise and land p ollution which may also affects the opening of new branches worldwide. Depletion of natural resource is another major factor. Deforestation, water resource depletion, wildlife degradation are some of them. All this will adversely affect the ecosystem which creates scarcity of resources. MacDonald’s may face the scarcity of the raw materials required for its production due to deforestation in the tropical forest. Due to lack of water resources it generate the negativity in the productions of drinks and other products. Hence, natural disaster, pollution and resources depletion affect the business of MacDonald’s in a major way. MacDonald’s need to focus on these factors to create its business  successfully in worldwide. Preservation and long term usage of production should be in action. Long term strategies and external sources should be implemented in order to get the sustainable business and growth of the company. MacDonald’s responding to the ecological factors. a) Other areas of improvement include coffee beans and milk. McDonald’s now only uses those beans certiï ¬ ed by the Rainforest Alliance; and uses organic milk for milkshakes and hot beverages. It has Rainforest policy where it is completely against tropical deforestation supporting the balance in eco-system. b) Recycling and reusing of the products (to decrease the pollution) c) Separate agriculture and farming facilities to produce for its own use. (eg, beef, pork, chicken, vegetables) d) Use of vacuum urinating facilities(preserve water resources) e) Using paper bags instead of plastic, easy to dispose f) Use its grease oil for its own delivery trucks g) it have its separate waste management site which helps to make community clean h) McDonald’s worked with Conservation International to develop an environmental scorecard. It drives greater awareness of resource use (energy, water, air emissions and waste) with the ultimate goal of reducing our environmental impacts i) To provide customer with both good food and good value, MacDonald consider priorities for food safety, quality and cost–as well as sustainability–when making sourcing decisions. Their vision for a sustainable supply chain links responsibility for ethical, environmental and economic outcomes. j) McDonald’s has developed a next generation â€Å"low oil volume† (LOV) fryer that uses about 40% less cooking oil and 4% less energy maintaining the SAME Great taste. Hence these are available in restaurants around the world. As a result of this, environmental action plans have been developed to address these issues. For example, McDonald’s has a policy of sourcing its food as close to home as possible, with approximately 70 percent of the company’s food coming from the UK and Ireland k) In a ï ¬ rst for the quick-service restaurant industry, McDonald’s opened the world’s ï ¬ rst hydroï ¬â€šurocarbon (HFC)-free restaurant in 2003 in Denmark. The result is that the restaurant does not use Freon in its  refrigerants, thereby helping cut down on harmful climate changing emissions. As further proof of its commitment, McDonald’s’ efforts at efficient packaging and recycling have been recognized by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Also, the Campus Ofï ¬ ce Building received the LEED-EB Platinum award in2009, in recognition for its ‘green’ initiatives. Future developments work MacDonald’s can use the electrical heating instead of gas to save the resources Also can use the latest machinery equipment which produce less emission of harmful gases Using less fridge and freezer which emits harmful gas such CFC. Use new technology to open the new restaurant which have less effect on environment featuring the Rainforest Alliance Certified MacDonald’s celebrate their work with the Rainforest Alliance and want to inform customers that they should feel good about purchasing their espresso beverages that are brewed with 100% Espresso from Rainforest Alliance Certified farms. Environment awareness campaign Intellectual properties: Patents Patents protect what makes things work – like what makes a wheel turn or the chemical formula of your favourite fizzy drink Copyright Copyright is an automatic right which applies when the work is fixed, that is written or recorded in some way Trade mark Trademarks are signs (like words and logos) that distinguish goods and services in the marketplace Design Designs protect the appearance of a product/logo, from the shape of an aeroplane to a fashion item Types of Market: 1. Monopoly 2. Oligopoly 3. Monopolistic Monopolistic competition is a market structure where many companies sell similar products, but are not identical. Firms in this market structure are a monopolist for their brand. There is freedom of entry and exist into the industry as there are no barriers such as strategic raw material, very high  start –up cost and lack of information. Mc Donald’s maintains its competitive advantage with ‘Big Mac’ as its biggest attraction and backbone of the corporation.(ukessay) So how McDonald has managed to compete with other monopolies? McDonald’s have their own profitable specialty coffee in the form of McCafes, a concept taken from Starbucks. Recently, McDonald’s has remodelled the design of some of their restaurants, replacing their fiberglass tables and industrial steel chairs with wooden tables, comfortable faux leather chairs, and have painted their interiors of muted colours of orange, yellow, and green. McDonald’s not only have borrowed Starbucks’ concept of coffee, but have also begun borrowing the same design and feel. McDonald’s has gone under this remodelling with their restaurants to bring down other top competitors such as Burger King and Wendy’s since they are not as successful and cannot afford such upgrades to their own restaurants. Non-price competition is a way of how firms attract consumers with factors other than price, such as style, service, or location. So how McDonald has used non-price competition to convince customers to come to them instead of other burger places. Macdonald’s has not only been trying to beat other top competitors in the burger industry. It has also been competing with restaurants that are not even fast food chains. One of the examples of non fast food chains that McDonald’s has been trying to draw customers away from is Panera Bread. McDonald’s has also been trying to bring customers away from Chipotle, a Mexican chain that was originally owned by McDonald’s until October 2006. McDonald’s has also competed with Starbucks Coffee with the selling of their McCafes. 4. Perfect competition Globalisation, its indicator and main driver. Hetal (1999) defines globalisation as, ‘ the widening, deepening and speeding up of all worldwide interconnectedness in all aspects of contemporary social life, from the cultural to the criminal, financial to the spiritual. It helps in following: increased international trade a company operating in more than one country greater dependence on the global economy freer movement of capital, goods, and services Recognition of companies such as McDonalds and Starbucks in less economically developed countries. INDICATORS OF GLOBALISATION: 1. International trade 2. Financial flows 3. Migration DRIVERS OF GLOBALISATION: 1. Economic ( benefits of economies of scale, cheap labour) 2. Technology (communication and transportation) 3. Political/regulatory BARRIERS TO GLOBAISATION: 1. Government regulation( tarrifs and subsidies, border and immigration control, public procurement, control on capital flows) 2. Cultural and geographic distance (taste, culture, language, religion, corruption, work culture) DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES: 1. Population 2. Ethnicity 3. Religion CSR and MacDonald’s Corporate Social Responsibility is a management concept whereby companies integrate social and environmental concerns in their business operations and interactions with their stakeholders. CSR is generally understood as being the way through which a company achieves a balance of economic, environmental and social imperatives (â€Å"Triple-Bottom-Line- Approach†), while at the same time addressing the expectations of shareholders and stakeholders. Key CSR issues: environmental management, eco-efficiency, responsible sourcing, stakeholder engagement, labour standards and working conditions, employee and community relations, social equity, gender balance,  human rights, good governance, and anti-corruption measures. Being a responsible corporate citizen, McDonald’s firmly believes in giving back to the communities it operates in. they love to provide support and encouragement to the people who need it the most. All our restaurants contribute to their local community and every year we help set up and support numerous educational, sporting and charity programs designed to help a wide range of people. McDonald’s has a proactive approach to charities and sponsorships. We believe these help inspire and support the people of Pakistan, especially the underprivileged ones, to live a better life. We are dedicated to delivering great experiences through our ongoing community support programs. Some of the program done by MacDonald’s: 1. In Pakistan, litter patrol set up in the neighbour to pick up litter and aware the people, cleaning campaigns, walk for cruelty of killing animals, support woman, support the thalassemia society in Pakistan. 2. In UK, clean the surrounding near the restaurant, fix litter patrol, keep Britain clean campaign, feeding program in London Olympics, charities and support to the different clubs, support education sectors. 3. Support various community based programs such as sponsoring education for the poor people in India and Asian countries. 4. Support in sports and encourage children to physically fit. MacDonald’s use low energy LED light bulbs, energy saving equipment and waterless urinals, and recycle used cooking oil into biodiesel to fuel more than half of our delivery trucks. They also recycle the cardboard boxes used in more than 89% of our restaurants, and more than 85% of our packaging is made from renewable resources. They are the Community Partner Community Partner of t he four nations’ Football Associations. This means it work with local football clubs, schools, youth teams and junior leagues around the UK. MacDonald’s programme gives people the chance to volunteer and qualify as a football coach so they can give free, high-quality coaching to young people across the country. They also organise daily litter patrols and work with environmental charities Keep Britain Tidy , Keep Wales Tidy , Keep Scotland Beautiful and Tidy Northern Ireland. Most of our charity work is focused on supporting Ronald McDonald House Charities, an independent charity which McDonald’s has supported for over 20 years. Ronald McDonald House Charities provides a ‘home away from home’ for families with children undergoing  treatment in hospital. The Charity relies on voluntary donations, and you can find collection boxes in every single one of our restaurants. MacDonald’s also invest over  £360 million a year in the UK agricultural industry. The majority of our ingredients come from Britain and Ireland, with more than 17,500 British and Irish farmers providing us with ingredients such as beef, Freedom Food pork, free-range eggs, organic milk and potatoes. E Business: McDonald’s is one of the most recognisable brands in the world, yet also has to battle a fair amount of negative publicity The McDonald’s UK page has more than 30m fans, and its local market pages have all attracted several hundred thousand ‘likes’. Data collected by Internet Access – Households and Individuals, 2013 In 2013, 36 million adults (73%) in Great Britain accessed the Internet every day, 20 million more than in 2006, when directly comparable records began. Access to the Internet using a mobile phone more than doubled between 2010 and 2013, from 24% to 53%. In 2013, 72% of all adults bought goods or services online, up from 53% in 2008. In Great Britain, 21 million households (83%) had Internet access in 2013. Broadband Internet connections using fibre optic or cable were used by 42% of households, up from 30% in 2012. Globalisation strategy of McDonald: McDonald’s has developed their unique globalisation strategy. McDonald include their fore main characters to make perfect business strategy. Are shown as below 1 Think globally but act locally 2 Pricing 3 Advertising strategies 4 Social responsibility 1. Think Globally but Act Locally: The main aim of the McDonald’s Corporation is to focus locally with the global strategy. It always performs and supply all the operation, systems as per the requirement of the local factors. It always try to be fit in local traditions, cultures, society and political. McDonald’s Corporation always  keep special factors in mind while making their business strategy. It always performs as per the requirements of the different markets. Macdonald expenses lots of resources to develop and create its products as pre the local demands and traditions. However, once McDonald’s corporation failed to do this, while establishment in Germany and Netherlands, consumers did not accept their local menu in the year 1970 because they wanted American food rather than their local menu. After this experience company realised that every restaurant’s local menu should incorporate some local tests as well but at a minimal level.At the time of establishing in India, McDonald has considered that Hindu community does not eat beef as per their Hindu belief. Therefore, they specially introduced new vegetarian series of the product in their menu. Also taking Muslim community in focus that Muslims did nit consume poke. Therefore, they only sell chicken and lamb. It had done separate preparation for Vegetarian and non-vegetarian. 2. Pricing: The other most important feature is their price differentiates than their competitor. This pricing strategy of McDonald’s corporation is very reliable and unique. While fixing the price McDonald’s takes some factors in consideration like local life style, income of the family, location etc. The time of fixing price for the products, they also focus on the primary target group of the company, lower and power level. McDonald’s enters in most of metropolitan city of the country in which it enters.Sometime during period of lean time company offers discounted price to boost their sell in short McDonald’s corporation believes that to stay longer life in the market we should have unique pricing policy. 3. Advertising/Promotional strategies: Advertising is the other platform to the company by the help of which company introduce their product, boost to the customers etc. every organization have their unique and own promotional strategies. Here McDonald’s arranges their promotional strategy as a part of advertisement. The worldwide promotional activities of the McDonald’s corporation is organised by â€Å"DDB Needhamand Leo Burnettas† well their local collaborates in different countries. It sometimes organised by the local advertising company also. Other than advertisement, McDonald’s corporation uses more promotional tools to promote their product. Company offers their product at law price; it gives toys to  the children etc. most successful promotional strategies became very popular now days .McDonald’s has for decades maintained an extensive advertising campaign. In addition to the usual media (television, radio, and newspaper), the company makes significant use of billboards and signage, sponsors sporting events ranging from Little League to the Olympic Games and makes coolers of The Orange with their logo available for local events of all kinds. Nonetheless, television has always played a central role in the company’s advertising strategy. In January and February 2008 there was an offer of buy one get one free by McDonald’s UK particular for the Big Mac. Company introduced press coupons and those coupons can be exchanged at the McDonald’s restaurant to get benefit of the product. To date, McDonald’s has used 23 different slogans in United States advertising as well as a few other slogans for select countries and regions. At times, it has run into trouble with its campaigns