Peru Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Peru - Essay Example A good example is when President Alberto Fujimori who ruled the country from 1990 to 2000 was found guilty for grave violation of human rights by the Peruvian Supreme Court. The conviction and prosecution of the president in the country indicated that the country was able to deal with crimes of such levels. The verdict aimed at achieving accountability after the crimes committed in the country and the globe (Giddens & Thomas, 30). Cases of grave human rights violation have often been presented at the international criminal court basing on the absence of effective judiciary systems in the member states. The trial of the former Peru president was successful despite the many challenges. The trials of Head of States such as Slobodan Milosevic and Charles Taylor have taken place in the international court. However, Peru’s approach indicates that national governments can be able to prosecute former leaders by putting unique and highly competent judiciary system in place (Lee, Ambrose, 70). Basing on the second principle of the Rio Declaration targeting sharing and management of transboundary resources, States have, in accordance with the principles of international laws and charter of the united nations, the sovereign rights to extract and exploit their resources pursuant to their own developmental and environmental policies, and the responsibilities of ensuring that activities within their control and jurisdiction do not cause harm to the environment of neighboring states and beyond. Political borders are drawn on natural resources and environment that overlap into one another. Such resources are often extracted for developmental gain although sometimes it may result in consequences such as pollution (Kauffer, 40). The consequences of extraction may cross the political boundary set and affect the neighboring states. Peruvian people and boundary have to be protected from the effects of resource extraction in the neighboring countries such as

Academic writting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Academic writting - Essay Example The challenge is that not everyone might know if they had experienced it. Anxiety can be described as a disorder that causes uneasiness, nervousness, worry and fear. It affects the way an individual feels and behaves towards everyday situation (DiMatteo et al. 2000). Learners often experience anxiety when confronted by a test or examination. Although anxiety is considered as normal, it can also be considered to be a problem when it brings symptoms such as lack of sleep or lack of ability to function normally. Anxiety occurs when a reaction to a situation becomes out of proportion or becomes overbearing for one to think or act normally. As a matter of fact, there are different types of anxiety. These include generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder anxiety and Social Anxiety Disorder. To begin with, generalized anxiety is a chronic disorder that is excessive, long lasting and tends to affect how the sufferer responds to life events on a daily basis. It causes an individual to worry about nonspecific everyday life situations. A sufferer suffering from this type of disorder would often worry about things that are related to health, money, family and work. The sufferer also finds it difficult in making decisions. The sufferer may not know how to identify the actual fear or know how to deal or control their worry about a nonspecific situation, therefore believing that they will fail in that given situation. It may be possible that the learner may have spent limited study time in the preparation for a test or examination due to work commitments or family responsibilities, this in turn will affect the mindset of the individual making them to believe that they are likely going to perform badly on the test or examination. Also, their mind and body turns a normal emotion as worry that usually motivates one to accomplish a task to a feeling of helplessness that does not allow the learner to get motivated about the exam instead creating panic. As adults, we

Theories of Motivation Comparison and Analysis

Theories of Motivation Comparison and Analysis Most contemporary theories recognize that motivation begins with individual needs. Needs are deficiencies that energize or trigger behaviors to satisfy those needs. At some point in your life, you might have a strong need for food and shelter. At other tomes, your social needs may be unfulfilled. Unfulfilled needs create a tension that makes you want to find ways to reduce or satisfy those needs. The stronger your needs, the more motivated you are to satisfy them. Conversely, a satisfied need does not motivate. In this section, we will look at the four content theories of motivation that dominate organizational thinking today Maslows theory: According to Maslow, human needs from hierarchy, starting at the bottom with the physiological needs and reaching to the highest needs of self actualization. He says when one set of needs are satisfied, then they try to full fill the next need from hierarchy. physiological needs: these are the basic necessities of human life like food, clothing, shelter etc.He says until these needs are satisfied to the required level , man does not aim for the satisfaction of next higher level needs. As for a organization is concerned these needs include basic needs like pay, allowance, incentives and benefits security safety needs: these refer to the needs to be free of physical danger or the feeling of loss of food , job or shelter these needs as far as organization is concerned include conformity, security plans, membership in union, severance pay etc. Social needs: physiological and security needs are satisfied these social needs begin occupying the mind of man. This is exactly why he looks for the association of other human beings and strives hard to be accepted b its group; social needs at work place include human relations, formal and informal work group. Esteem needs: these needs are power, prestige, status and self confidence. Every man has a feeling of importance and he wants others to regard him highly. These needs make people aim high and make them achieve something great. These needs for employees include staus symbol, awards, promotions, titles etc. Self actualization: this is the highest need in hierarchy. This refers to the desire to become what one is capable of becoming. Man tries to maximize his potential and accomplish something, when these needs are activated in him. As said earlier the individuals processed from physiological needs to safety needs and so on and so forth only when each need is satisfied. If any need is not satisfied, the individual sticks to that need and strives to fulfill that need. MASLOWS HIERARCHY Herzberg theory(1959) Maslows theory has been modified by herzberg and he called it two factor theory of motivation. According to him the first groups of needs are things such as company policy and administration, supervision, working conditions, interpersonal relations, salary, status, job security and personal life. Herzberg called this factor as dissatisfiers and not motivators. These are also refered to as hygiene factors. Maintenance factors or dissatisfiers motivation factors or satisfiers Job context job content Extrinsic factor   intrinsic factor Company policy and administration   achievement Quality of supervision recognition Relations with supervisors   work itself Work conditions   responsibility Pay   advancement Peer relations   possibility of growth Personal life Relations with subordinates Status Job security Second group are satisfiers, in the sense that they are motivators. These factors are related to job content. He included the factors like achievement, recognition, challenging work, advancement and growth in this category. Presence of these factors will yield feelings of satisfaction. Herzberg theory is also called as motivation hygiene theory. Herzberg conducted a study by asking questions. What do the people want for a job? He asked the respondents to describe situations are events when they feel exceptionally good and bad about their job. Herzberg did not the cover the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity, though he assumed that there is a relationship between these two factors. Alders ERG theory(1972) Alder also feels that needs should be categorized and that there is a basic distinction between lower order needs and higher order needs . alder identified three groups of needs Existence, Relatedness and Growth and that is why his theory is called ERG theory.the existence needs are based with survival, or physiological well being.the relatedness talk about the importance of interpersonal and social relationship. The growth needs are concerned with the individuals intrinsic desire for personal development. This theory is some what similar to maslows and herzberg theory . but unlike maslows and herzberg he does not assert that lower needs has to be satisfied before higher level needs . so a persons background and culture environment may make him think of relatedness needs or growth needs though his existency needs are unfulfilled. Alders simplification of maslows need hierarchy: Needs are arranged in order of importance Unsatisfied needs motivate individuals Alders theory suggests that individual needs can be divided into three groups existence (physiological and safety) relatedness (social) growth (esteem and self actualization) alders theory differs from maslows theory in a number of important respects. Alderfer argued that it was better to think in terms of continuum rather than a hierarchy. From concrete exixtence needs to least concrete growth needs and argued that you can move along this in either direction. Maslow argued that when satisfied a need becomes less important to an individual, but alderfers argues that relatedness or growth needs become more important when satisfied . this means that team working arrangements can continue to motivate employees and are not necessarily superseded by growth needs. Mc Clellands theory: this theor was developed by David McClelland a Harvard physiologist and his associates.the theory focuses on three needs In his acquired-needs theory, David McClelland proposed that an individuals specific needs are acquired over time and are shaped by ones life experiences. Most of these needs can be classed as either achievement, affiliation, or power. A persons motivation and effectiveness in certain job functions are influenced by these three needs. McClellands theory sometimes is referred to as the three need theory or as the learned needs theory. 1. Need for achievement: (n Ach) need for achievement refers to the drive to excel, to achieve in relation to set standards and and to strive to succeed McClelland from his research that high achievers differentiate themselves from others by doing the same work in different ways . they perform best when they perceive their probability of success as being 0.5. they seek quick feed back on their performance in Order to improve or correct the action before it goes wrong. They accept personal responsibility for success or failure. Want to take personal responsibility for solving problem Goal oriented set moderate, realistic, attainable goal Seek challenge, excellence and individuality Take calculated, moderate risk Willing to work hard and desire concrete feedback on their performance Need for power (n pow) need for power refers to the desire to make others behave in a way that they would not otherwise have behaved in. In other words need for power is the desire o have impact, to be influential and control others. Want to control the situation and want control over others Enjoy competition and winning, do not like to lose willing to confront others Need for affiliation: (n Aff) seek close relationship with others and to be liked by others enjoy lots of social activities seek to belong, join groups and organization PROCESS THEORY: Process theories are concerned with the thought processes that influence behaviour. Two such theories are Expectancy theory and Equity theory A) Vrooms expectancy theory: Vrooms formula: motivation=expectancy X value According to this theory motivation of any individual depends on the desired goal and strength of his expectation of achieving goals. A vrooms model is built mainly on three concepts valency, instrumentality and expectancy. Valency: The value a person places on the outcome or reward vroom says that valency is the strength of individuals preference for a particular outcome. it can be taken as an equivalent of value, incentive, attitude and expected utility . for the value to be positive the person must prefer attaining the out come to not to attain the outcome. A valency of zero occurs , when the individual is indifferent towards the outcome. the valency is negative when the individual prefers not attaining outcome to attaining it . Expectancy: A person perception of the probability of accomplishing an objective the third major variable in vrooms theory is expectancy. though expectancy and instrumentality appear to be the same at the first glance they are quite different . Expectancy is a probability (ranging from 0 to 1) or strength of a belief that a particular action or effort will leave to a particular first level outcome. Instrumentality refers to the degree to which a first level outcome will lead to the second level outcome. vroom says the sum of these variables is motivation. Expectancy theory works best with employees who have n internal locus of control. To motivate using the expectancy theory: clearly define objectives clearly define necessary performance needed to achieve them tie performance to rewards be sure rewards are of value to the employees Make sure your employees believe you will do as you promise. Vrooms theory also suggests: Both internal (needs) and external (environment) factors affect behaviour Behaviour is the individuals decision People have different needs, desires and goals People make behaviour decisions based on their perception of the outcome. Adams Equity Theory: based on the comparison of perceived inputs to outputs. People perceive themselves in one of three positions Both the inputs and outputs of person and others or based upon the persons perceptions. Age, sex, education economic and social status , skill, experience, training, effort, education, past performance, present performance ,level of difficulty , position in the organization etc, are examples of perceived input variables . Outcomes consist of rewards like pay status promotion and intrinsic interest in the job. Equitably rewarded:( they are satisfied that there inputs and outputs are equal) Inputs and outputs are perceived as being equal. Under rewarded: (they perceive there inputs exceed their output) Efforts to reduce inequity by trying to increase outputs Reducing inputs(working less, absenteeism) Rationalizing(creating an explanation for the inequity) Changing others inputs or outputs Leaving Changing the objective of comparision Over rewarded: people dont usually get upset when they are over rewarded , but they may increase inputs or reduce outputs to maintain equity) Increasing inputs (working more, longer hours, etc) Reducing output(taking a pay cut) Rationalizing (Im worth it) Increasing other outputs Inequity occurs when : Persons outcomes others outcomes Persons inputs others inputs Persons outcomes others outcomes persons inputs others inputs Equity occurs when: Persons outcomes others outcomes - = Persons inputs others inputs INPUTS: Time Effort Loyalty Hard Work Commitment Ability Adaptability Flexibility Tolerance Determination Enthusiasm Personal sacrifice Trust in superiors Support from co-workers and colleagues OUTCOMES: Outputs are defined as the positive and negative consequences that an individual perceives a participant has incurred as a consequence of his/her relationship with another. When the ratio of inputs to outcomes is close, than the employee should have much satisfaction with their job. Outputs can be both tangible and intangible (Walster, Traupmann Walster, 1978). Typical  outcomes include any of the following: Job security Esteem Salary Employee benefit Expenses Recognition Reputation Responsibility Sense of achievement Praise Forming equity perceptions: Step 1: a person evaluates how he or she is being treated by the firm. Step 2: the person forms a perception of how a comparision other is being treated Step 3: the person compares his or her own circumstances with those of the comparision other Step 4: on the strength of this feeling , the person may choose to pursue one or more alternatives. It is important to also consider the Adams Equity Theory factors when striving to improve an employees job satisfaction, motivation level, etc., and what can be done to promote higher levels of each. JOB SATISFACTION: Job satisfaction, a workers sense of achievement and success, is generally perceived to be directly linked to productivity as well as to personal wellbeing. Job satisfaction implies doing a job one enjoys, doing it well, and being suitably rewarded for ones efforts. Job satisfaction further implies enthusiasm and happiness with ones work. For the organization, job satisfaction of its workers means a work force that is motivated and committed to high quality performance. Increased productivity-the quantity and quality of output per hour worked-seems to be a byproduct of improved quality of working life. It is important to note that the literature on the relationship between job satisfaction and productivity is neither conclusive nor consistent. However, studies dating back to Herzbergs (1957) have shown at least low correlation between high morale and high productivity, and it does seem logical that more satisfied workers will tend to add more value to an organization. Unhappy employees, who are motivated by fear of job loss, will not give 100 percent of their effort for very long. Though fear is a powerful motivator, it is also a temporary one, and as soon as the threat is lifted performance will decline. Creating job satisfaction: Flexible work arrangements, possibly including telecommuting Training and other professional growth opportunities Interesting work that offers variety and challenge and allows the worker opportunities to put his or her signature on the finished product Opportunities to use ones talents and to be creative Opportunities to take responsibility and direct ones own work A stable, secure work environment that includes job security/continuity An environment in which workers are supported by an accessible supervisor who provides timely feedback as well as congenial team members Flexible benefits, such as child-care and exercise facilities Up-to-date technology Competitive salary and opportunities for promotion

Analysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes Essay -- Harlem Langston Hughes

Analysis of Harlem by Langston Hughes Through the turbulent decades of the 1920's through the 1960's many of the black Americans went through difficult hardships and found comfort only in dreaming. Those especially who lived in the ghettos' of Harlem would dream about a better place for them, their families, and their futures. Langston Hughes discusses dreams and what they could do in one of his poems, "Harlem." Hughes poem begins: "What happens to a dream deferred..." Hughes is asking what happens to a dream that is being put off. What do these dreams do, do they do good, do they do bad, or do they do neither good nor bad? He continues by stating this simile:"Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun?" Using this simile he is stating that dreaming can be good or bad. A raisin is a grape that has been dehydrated by the sun. Hughes is conveying that dreams can suck the life out of a person, mentally dehydrating them. However a raisin is not necessarily bad. When the grape is dehydrated by the sun it turns the grape into a raisin, a sweet and delightful friut which can furnish ...

Power and Authority

HOW HAVE YOUR TEXTS EXPLORED POWER AND AUTHORITY The abuse of power and authority leads to corruption. George Orwell’s satire Nineteen Eighty-four and Frank Darabont’s hellish version of prison life The Shawshank Redemption show the effects of the exercise of absolute power. These texts show that if there are no restrictions when it comes to authority it can lead to corruption. Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-four demonstrates powerful warnings against the dangers of a totalitarian society.A theme used in Orwell’s novel is the party of Big Brother and its absolute power â€Å"we shall be utterly without power of any kind† this conveys a very controlling message towards all party members as they are totally evicted from freedom. Orwell uses three phases throughout the novel to give an impression of the sheer power and authority of Big brother â€Å"WAR IS PEACE, FREEDOM IS SALVERY, IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH† this is an irony used to show power towards th e party. One of the motifs of Nineteen Eighty-Four is the control of an individual’s thoughts and the governments’ surveillance of every party member.Telescreens are most prominently featured in the novel; they are devices that keep any one of its subjects under constant surveillance therefore eliminating any chance of secret conspiracies against Oceania. â€Å"It was terribly dangerous to let your thoughts wander†¦within range of a telescreen†¦the slightest thing could give you away†. The Party’s surveillance tactics and technology are so advanced that even the smallest expression could give you away. â€Å"thought crime does not entail death, thoughtcrime is death†. Orwell has written about thoughtcrime throughout the novel.It was illegal to hold any negative thought against the party at any time. This gives the reader a picture of how controlled an individual’s thoughts were and the surveillance of each and every thought. The Sh awshank Redemption directed by Frank Darabont provides a desolate view of a prison where the abuse of power is usual. The figure of the warden, who has the total power of all prisoners, is used to symbolize the corrupting effects of unrestrained power. He reminds each and every new prisoner that they have no protection from his absolute power, used in a frightening warning â€Å"your ass belongs to me. His corruption is emphasized through the lightening used by Darabont. Throughout the film he has him emerge from and retreat into darkness. Captain Hadley, the unusually harsh prison guard, routinely and casually breaches prisoners’ rights through violence, responding to a request made by a prisoner to make a complaint with â€Å"Youll be tellin’ the Warden with my baton up your ass†. The impact of the frequent beatings is emphasized by the loud sound affects of the blows landing on each hopeless victim. We see the distinctive dangers of a system where power is s trong in few but at the expense of many.The Shawshank Redemption is a film that deals with the institution of prison and the impact of its power on prisoners. â€Å"These walls are funny. First you hate them†¦ enough time passes, you get so you depend on them. That's institutionalized. †Ã‚  This creates an image that the prison walls are constraining as it authenticates that the prison has the power over the prisoners simultaneously becoming a false support for all inmates. Through the character Brooks we learn that he believes he cannot stand alone and needs the prison as a support. â€Å"Maybe I should rob the FoodWay so they’ll let me back home. This emphasizes the point that brooks depended so much on the prison and became an institutionalized man. The abuse of power can lead to corruption. We see the abuse of absolute power being used in the novel Nineteen Eighty-four and the film The Shawshank Redemption. Nineteen Eighty four demonstrates this through warni ngs against the dangers of a totalitarian society and The Shawshank Redemption provides us with a desolate view of a prison where the abuse of power is a regular occurrence. These texts show us that when power and authority has no restrictions it can lead to a corrupt populace.

Satan and Evil in the Quran

It is interesting to read the seventh chapter of Major Themes of the Quran. There is an abundance of information explaining the traditions and fundamentality of this argument. It is really interesting to see the common threads that run through the three major religions. When evil and satan is discussed in the Quran it is often referred to along with the jinn. The jinn are the metaphorical representation of the humans. They are often imbued with names such as satans or the Devil. There is much made from the repeated statements that satans stealthily attempt to snatch news from the heavens but are driven away. (Major Themes of the Koran 121) It then goes on to say that the jinn were given the opportunity to listen to the Quran, and then choose the path of good or evil. It is important to note that the information is given to Mohammed from God, and that it is not recorded that the Prophet Mohammed had an contact with the jinn. In the Quran, Satan or evil is not seen as the enemy of God, but rather the rival and enemy of men and women. Satan cannot touch God, is not an equal, so satan preys upon men and women to rebel against God’s command. In the Bible there is the similar belief that Satan is there to tempt men and women to break God’s commandments. A parallel could be drawn between the Quran’s warnings and the Bible’s warning to be vigilant against the activities of Satan. â€Å"O people! Enter all of you into peace and do not follow the footsteps of Satan, for he is your manifest enemy. †(2:208) Satan’s power is derived from the weakness of men and women. In the Quran the devil appears more cunning and artful than strong. . . (Major Themes of the Quran 125) The devil simply invites people to make an error, people still have the ability to say no. The story of Adam and Eve is a common theme through both the Bible and the Quran, and it illustrates this point well. The apple was simply offered, perhaps cajoled, but never forced. Again the common thread, all people must guard against the influence of evil, because it is insidious. The Quran often parallels jinn to mankind, the struggle between evil tendencies and good are in both. It details why it is easy for people to deceive themselves into believing what they are doing is just, ut in reality is just self-serving behavior. Satan is often referred to in the plural satans in the Quran, illustrating its use for both mankind and jinns. There is no satan independent of these two types of beings according to the Quran, one must exist for the other to exist. Satans is also used to for disbelievers. It is said that they take in satans at the exclusion of God. It is believed that as God sends messages to his prophets, so satan sends messages to his wicked followers. Major Themes of the Quran 130). The theme of satan and evil is interesting as it appears in the Quran. There are many parallels with the Bible, such as the story of Adam and Eve. The struggles of men and women against the temptation of evil, is another parallel in the Quran and Bible. The Quran does talk about jinns, which is different than anything mentioned in the Bible. Another large divide is the bel ief that all disbelievers are evil. Consequently I believe there are more similarities than differences.

Death of a salesman coursework Essays

Death of a salesman coursework Essays Death of a salesman coursework Paper Death of a salesman coursework Paper Essay Topic: Death Of a Salesman In In death of a salesman we see an optimistic salesman, Willy Loman, in the last 48 hours of his life. The play has frequent flashbacks to Willys past that are representative of how Willy is having a nervous breakdown and later commits suicide. We see Willy as a broken man under the cutthroat capitalist system he has so loyally served and supported all his working live trying to make the best for his family and trying unsuccessfully to become a successful salesman. Arthur Miller, the author, wants to show Willy as another victim of capitalism and makes us sympathise at how Willy and the people around him act. He shows us a man disillusioned by the world around him and confused by his sons who he wants to follow the same career as him. His sons, Biff and Happy are also unsuccessful or just not motivated. Biff wants to get out the city and live a laid back lifestyle where Happy tries in vain to be like his father but can not face the fact that he is also unsuccessful. Another aspect of the play is that Miller comments on the fake American Dream and measures of social status are made by the commodities or job that one has. He criticised capitalism at a time when the communist witch-hunts were carried out in America and he was arrested for sympathising with communists. It is obvious this play is an attack on the American social values of which he disapproves. The Set There are many stage directions throughout the play, to increase the dramatic impact, but the longest is at the start, it details the various lighting, music and stagecraft that must be used to make the play have an effect on the audience. Another feature of the set is the fact that there are many imaginary wall lines around the set. In the past these wall lines are ignored and the actors can pass freely through the boundaries. In the present the actors observe the imaginary wall lines, entering the house only through its door at the left. This is important as the action in the play frequently skips from past to present, and can tell an audience more about what time the scene is set in. The set is wholly and is a house structure surrounded by tall, imposing buildings that are tower blocks/. The kitchen is placed in the centre and has all the typical features of a kitchen e.  g. A fridge, table, sink etc. Miller says that an air of the dream clings to the place. This is very hard for a direct to do but helps the dramatic impact of the play. Above the kitchen is the boys bedroom with two beds and Willys bedroom. There is a stairway leading from the kitchen to the two bedrooms. The way the tower blocks surround the house is almost claustrophobic, and could be interpreted as an analogy for Miller feeling threatened by surrounding capitalism in the USA. Music In death of a salesman music is used to a dramatic effect and the main characters, such as Ben and Willy, have their own pieces of music/ This may be to affect the audience and to make the characters entry seem more dramatic/ At the start of the play a melody is heard, played upon a flute, It is small and mine, telling of grass and trees and the horizon. This is an optimistic piece of music, relative to the rest of the play and is used to give us hopes and dreams for the rest of the play. This music is dramatic and is played upon one flute, it is simplistic and powerful. At the end of the play, just before the requiem, the music rises to a frenzy as Willy drives off and as he dies, the music is used to a dramatic effect as the music turns to the soft pulsation of a cell o string. This is striking to the audience and has a great emotional impact upon them. Another quality of the Melody is that it feels out of place in a city scene, which is the appearance of the set. The music is the opposite and tells of a rural, peaceful, tranquillity and Willys dreams of a quiet life in the country.

How to Write a Good Capstone Paper

How to Write a Good Capstone Paper Sooner or later the time will come for every student to write a capstone paper. Actually, writing is something that students are used to, but there is a little difference between, lets say, a short essay and a capstone paper. Talking about the latter, it should be the most important task for an undergraduate student. So, if you have to write a capstone paper, your teachers will expect you to show good results. They need to know that you have gained enough knowledge and skills to cope with such kind of a task. A good idea is to look back at everything you have studied this year and try to choose a topic you like and will write about it with enthusiasm. Think of a subject you were especially good at and can use the knowledge you have to write it exceptionally well. You might as well need to consult your teacher to find out whether the topic you have chosen is relevant enough. Once the topic is chosen, you have to conduct a research work. Use all sources available, but keep in mind that some of them may be unreliable, so you will have to check them well. You may also take notes to see the progress of your research work, and at the same time you can exclude contradictory thoughts or ideas, or irrelevant ones. Plan the structure of your paper and start writing. You should have enough time to write a draft version of a paper, then spend some time on editing, correcting mistakes, and proofreading. Sometimes it is a good idea to read your paper aloud – you will easily notice your mistakes or the parts that need to be rewritten. There are moments, when you are stuck working on a part of your paper. You may run out of original ideas, or dont know whether you are doing everything right. Having someone to assist you, to give advice or to show you how to do it in a proper way is definitely a good idea. Luckily, there are lots of paper writing services nowadays where you can find help with various types of writing tasks. We are proud to admit that we are among the best services on the market, and we have proven our professional approach to our customers by showing high results. So, start by placing an order with our service. Fill out an order form and specify all the important details of an order. Then wait for a skilled writer to be assigned to your order. No matter what exactly you need, we will help you out with all the difficulties you have to face in the process of writing a paper. Get professional Capstone paper writing help from academic experts at CustomWritings.com.

The Challenges and Opportunities Facing HBCUs

The Challenges and Opportunities Facing HBCUs Historically black colleges and universities, or HBCUs, encompass a wide range of institutions of higher learning. There are currently 101 HBCUs in the United States, and they range from two-year community colleges to research universities that grant doctoral degrees. Most of the schools were founded shortly after the Civil War in an effort to provide African Americans access to higher education. What Is a Historically Black College or University? HBCUs exist because of the United States history of exclusion, segregation, and racism. With the end of slavery following the Civil War, African American citizens faced numerous challenges gaining access to higher education. Financial barriers and admissions policies made attendance at many colleges and universities nearly impossible for the majority of African Americans. As a result, both federal legislation and the efforts of church organizations worked to create institutions of higher learning that would provide access to African American students. The great majority of HBCUs were founded between the end of the Civil War in 1865 and the end of the 19th century. That said, Lincoln University (1854) and Cheyney University (1837), both in Pennsylvania, were established well before the end of slavery. Other HBCUs such as Norfolk State University (1935) and Xavier University of Louisiana (1915) were founded in the 20th century. The colleges and universities are called historically black because ever since the Civil Rights movement in the 1960s, HBCUs have been open to all applicants and have worked to diversify their student bodies. While many HBCUs still have predominantly black student populations, others do not. For example, Bluefield State College is 86% white and just 8% black. Kentucky State Universitys student population is roughly half African American.  However, it is more common for an HBCU to have a student body that is well over 90% black. Examples of Historically Black Colleges and Universities HBCUs are as diverse as the students who attend them. Some are public while others are private. Some are small liberal arts colleges while others are large research universities. Some are secular, and some are affiliated with a church. Youll find HBCUs that have a majority white student population while most have large African American enrollments. Some HBCUs offer doctoral programs, while some are two-year schools offering associate degrees. Below are a few examples that capture the range of HBCUs: Simmons College of Kentucky is a tiny college of just 203 students with ties to the American Baptist Church. The student population is 100% African American.North Carolina AT is a relatively large public university with over 11,000 students. Along with robust bachelor degree programs ranging from the arts to engineering, the school also has numerous masters and doctoral programs.Lawson State Community College in Birmingham, Alabama, is a two-year community college offering certificate programs and associate degrees in areas such as engineering technology, health professions, and business.Xavier University of Louisiana  is a private Roman Catholic university with 3,000 students enrolled in bachelor, masters and doctoral programs.Tougaloo College in Mississippi is a private liberal arts college of 860 students. The college is affiliated with the United Church of Christ, although it describes itself as church-related but not church controlled. Challenges Facing Historically Black Colleges and Universities As a result of  affirmative action, civil rights legislation, and changing attitudes towards race, colleges, and universities across the United States are actively working to enroll qualified African American students. This access to educational opportunities across the country is obviously a good thing, but it has had consequences for HBCUs. Even though there are over 100 HBCUs in the country, less than 10% of all African American college students actually attend an HBCU. Some HBCUs are struggling to enroll enough students, and roughly 20 colleges have closed in the last 80 years. More are likely to close in the future because of enrollment declines and fiscal crises. Many HBCUs also face challenges with retention and persistence. The mission of many HBCUs- to provide access to higher education to populations that have historically been  underrepresented  and disadvantaged- creates its own hurdles. While it is clearly worthwhile and admirable to provide opportunities for students, the results can be discouraging when a significant percentage of matriculated students are ill-prepared to succeed in college-level coursework. Texas Southern University, for example, has just a 6% four-year graduation rate, Southern University in New Orleans has a 5% rate, and numbers in the low teens and single digits are not unusual. The Best HCBUs While the challenges facing many HCBUs are significant, some schools are flourishing. Spelman College  (a womens college) and Howard University tend to top the national rankings of HCBUs. Spelman, in fact, has the highest graduation rate of any Historically Black College, and it also tends to win high marks for social mobility. Howard is a prestigious research university that grants hundreds of doctoral degrees every year. Other notable Historically Black Colleges and Universities include Morehouse College (a mens college), Hampton University, Florida AM, Claflin University, and Tuskegee University. Youll find impressive academic programs and rich co-curricular opportunities at these schools, and youll also find that the overall value tends to be high.

Trace the development of language and gender research since the 1980s Essay

Trace the development of language and gender research since the 1980s. Taking one or two examples from research in the last ten years, explain what the priorities are now - Essay Example Gender differences stem from childhood and how boys and girls are treated differently. Baby girls are considered delicate and fragile and are therefore treated as such, being exposed to language that is gentle and handled with utmost care. On the other hand, boys, expected to grow up to be strong and masculine, are exposed to power-filled language punctuated with strong tones (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005). This example reflects the Sociolinguistic Subculture Approach which suggests that that boys and girls grow up in essentially different talk subcultures resulting from the differing expectations parents and peers direct toward them about acceptable ways to talk (Maltz and Borker, 1982). Leaper (1991) explains that at three years of age, little girls develop earlier in terms of language and this helps them explore relationships with those around them. Girls use language that demonstrates attentiveness, responsiveness, and support. Boys, in turn, use language that demand attention, give o rders, and establish dominance (Leaper, 1991). They engage in group activities with other boys and test out their ‘high’ and ‘low’ status roles: â€Å"I’m the leader†, â€Å"you follow me†, etc. They establish positions among the group and they are apparently louder, more physical and less verbal than girls (Rasquinha & Mouly, 2005). By the age of 7, children have acquired gender constancy (Kohlberg & Zigler, 1967) and knowledge of gender-role stereotypes (Huston, 1983; Martin, 1989). As they transition to middle childhood, interaction strategies become more gender-differentiated. Whereas girls become more competent in collaborative strategies, boys stick to their reliance on domineering influence strategies. Bakan (1966) explained that boys are taught to value autonomy, competition and linear problem solving and such values are expressed by the encouragement of self-assertion and self-expansion (Mason, 1994). They grow up learning that information and

DEBATE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DEBATE - Essay Example Tyson 42) Accordingly, the studies do not control do not control for legitimate differences in compensation since qualifications, seniority, merit and business activity related factors are linked to the pay gap between men and women. According to estimates, there is no appreciable difference in men and women’s pay since ‘legitimate’ differences account for the insignificant pay gap. The federal law requires employers to prevent discrimination in their employment activities and provide healthy and safe working environment. For instance, Title VII of the Civil Rights Act 1967 provides for equal opportunities for the minority groups while the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission investigates instances of unequal treatment or discriminatory practices in employment matters (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 66). The Equal Pay Act 1963 requires for equal pay for men and women performing the same jobs while Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 prohibits discrimination of women on the basis of pregnancy (Noe, Hollenbeck, Gerhart, and Wright 65). According to 2013 statistics, women were paid 78 percent of what men were paid and all the US states experience pay gaps between men and women (Tyson 41). The worst state was Louisiana where women were paid 66 percent of what men were paid. The pay gap is even worse for minority group women since Hispanic women are paid only 54 percent of what men are paid. The women are paid less in both male and female dominated occupations and pay gap is higher for aged women since women aged more than 35 years receive only 75 to 80 percent of what men are paid (Tyson 63). In this case, HR managers must conduct pay audits in order to remedy the pay differentials while women employees must utilize their negotiation skills to attain fair pay. The federal policy makers should consider enacting new legislation that will curb pay gap (Tyson 65). The opponents of pay gap outline that women have surpassed men in college and university

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties - Essay Example In this process, a sapphire laser system is used to trap samples of the metallic material. The laser is set up to be able to emit a continuous wave at the infrared radiation on the spectrum at a wavelength of about 760nm. The back focal plane of the of the condenser is imaged on a quadrant photodiode for the measurement of position detection. The metal samples are placed on the stage of translation and to achieve this, two methods are used. Transmission can either be done from above using the light emitting diode (LED) or reflection from below using mercury. The fluctuation of the quadrant diode voltage and the traces of time are acquired through three channels including two radial dimensions and a single sum voltage trace used on all the diodes. The advantages of this process are that the Boltzmann’s distribution can be used to measure the radial dimension of the sample. It is also possible to measure the spectral density and the corner frequency of the sample. Spark plasma sintering method: This is a recently developed process. It is also referred to as the pulsed electric current sintering method. This method employs a DC current in pulses and this power is passed through an electrically conducting pressure die and finally through the ceramic sample under investigation. The die usually acts as the source of heat and the ceramic sample is then heated on both its outer surface and the inner surface. The ceramics that are nano crystalline in nature and have size 10-50nm are prepared through co-precipitation. For a pressure less sintering process, the composite ceramic is normally isostatically pressed into a cylindrical green compact at a pressure of 400 Mpa. All the samples are then cleaned using a sand paper in order to remove the outer layer that is contaminated with a layer of carbon. An x-ray diffraction is then conducted to determine the phase analysis

A Review of Performance Appraisal Practices nad Policy Options. A Case Literature

A of Performance Appraisal Practices nad Policy Options. A Case Study on a Local Nightclub - The Plug - Literature review Example An effective, valid, strong and accurate appraisal system for rating the performance of employees is indispensable in ensuring effective functioning of the performance management system and helping the organization attain competitive advantage ((Kuvaas, 2006:506; Boachie-Mensah & Seidu, 2012; Abdulakadir, Isaika, and Adedoyin, 2012:124). The outcome of the appraisal process, the accuracy of employee ratings as well as perceived effectiveness of the appraisal process is critical as such inputs are often used by organizations to make various decisions in promotion and compensation, administrative, and training and development. Performance appraisal systems also make it possible for employees to understand their capability development and their performance, and in this sense keep employee morale high and improve organizational health. This is possible through an effective and fair appraisal system (Boachie-Mensah and Seidu, 2012). Various research studies have explored performance Appra isal systems and the need for such systems to work effectively in organizations. This section reviews literature on performance appraisal practices and policy options by looking at main approaches in performance appraisal, objectives of performance appraisal programs, issues surrounding performance appraisal systems, the managerial role and employee perceptions in performance appraisal, and performance appraisal practices in the entertainment / nightlife industry. Background of Performance Appraisal Performance Appraisal has been in existence since the industrial revolution where it was used a means of monitoring organizational output (Fandray, 2001). However during the earlier days, it was used more as a negative procedure than a positive one. It was often linked to punishment and reactivity to poor performance (Kennedy & Dresser, 2001). This implies that the performance appraisal focused on punishment of employees for poor performance as a way of motivating the employees to perfor mance highly. However, overtime the performance appraisal has continually evolved over the years. Kennedy and Dresser (2001:8) note that, as years passed organizations gradually refined their performance measurement techniques that focused on improving performance, with the trend focusing more on a move towards rewards than punishment. In the past three decades, researchers and practitioners have vigorously and critically analysed and examined the effectiveness of how various performance appraisals are used within different organisational contexts (Kondrasuk, 2011). Though there have been a wide array of studies on effectiveness of performance appraisal system, no consensus has yet been reached concerning what type of performance appraisal universally best meets the desired objectives of various organisational contexts. This implies that different performance appraisal systems are suitable for different organisational contexts. Definition of Performance Appraisal and main approaches Various scholars have defined performance appraisal in a number of ways. Armstrong (2006:450) defined it as steps involved in assessing the performance of employees, recording such performance and providing feedback to the employees. It is a formal employee monitoring system (Cardy & Dobbins, 1994; Ikramullah, et al, 2012: 144), which often involves evaluation of employees performance based on the opinions and judgments of supervisors, workers, managers, peers and subordinates (Jackson & Schuler, 2003:455). On the other hand, Nath (2011:648) defines it as formal procedures employed in evaluating employee’s contributions, possibilities and potentials within an organization. This

Segmentation and Market Target Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Segmentation and Market Target Paper - Essay Example The essay discusses Apple’s criteria for market segmentation as well as market segmentation mediums. The main approach that the company uses is market segmentation. The management’s market segmentation is based on concepts of economics while dividing organizations and people into categories with a derivative of similar products. According to Hiebing, Cooper & Wehrenberg (2011), the concept responds positively to the marketing messages of the product. In achieving this, Apple eliminates wasted resources with an attempt of marketing to consumers without interests in the company’s product. The different segmentation types used by Apple include Demographic, Psychographic, Geographic, and Behavioral Segmentation utilized in creating effective marketing campaign. According to McDonald & Wilson (2011), Apple’s demographic segmentation involves division of the company products based on characteristics of certain market. The approach includes income, age, sex, race, and education. The geographic segmentation concepts are differentiated on the basis of physical locations in potential consumers. Further, Apple’s psychographic segmentation involves the lifestyles or personalities of potential consumers. Behavioral segmentation for the Apple Company is based on the analysis of consumers’ actions. According to Estelami (2009), market segmentation in has narrowed from complicated processes that required significant research on consumer behavior. Currently, the firm has in-depth understanding of company objectives and goals. The initial step for market segmentation involves identification of broad markets that are attained through existing channels. For instance, Apple Inc. has produced the iPod as one of its fast moving consumer goods. On the other hand, prior the start of research and development for the product, the department identified broad markets used by the iPod within music markets. The

English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

English - Essay Example This is because, they never gets the chance to practise their visions due to fear of being victimized by the fellows who practise orthodoxy. It is also important to note here that, orthodoxy can even hinder the progress and development of a country, in that investors or business men who may want to invest in the country producing a unique commodity, may be blocked out of the market if the sale of the commodity goes against the generally accepted norms of the country’s citizens (Tipton & Witte, 2007). In the work of Shirley Jackson, the author affirms categorically the demerits of confining to the generally accepted norms of a people, a society, community or a country. He strongly proposes for the total discarding of such acts b individuals. If orthodoxy is not ignored in societies by individuals, then it becomes very difficult for the people to maximise their potentials, utilize the resources available at their disposal for their personal benefits and that of the whole society. Orthodoxy limits our visions, impairs our judgement and blocks our capabilities, I therefore strongly agree with Shirley that people should never accept to be defined by the mere rules and regulations which the older generations adhered to which made no progress in their lives (Fass, 2004). The family plays very vital roles in the discouraging the habit of orthodoxy. This is portrayed in Jackson Bill’s family where his family strongly discouraged orthodoxy by stating out the inhuman effects of orthodoxy practise. When a family discourages its members from engaging in such practises, their innocence is not victimized and their progress are not blocked. It is therefore very important that families stop their children from the blind confinement of some norms believed to be true without clearly realizing or finding out neither the demerits of such adherence nor the effects of

Segmentation and Market Target Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Segmentation and Market Target Paper - Essay Example The essay discusses Apple’s criteria for market segmentation as well as market segmentation mediums. The main approach that the company uses is market segmentation. The management’s market segmentation is based on concepts of economics while dividing organizations and people into categories with a derivative of similar products. According to Hiebing, Cooper & Wehrenberg (2011), the concept responds positively to the marketing messages of the product. In achieving this, Apple eliminates wasted resources with an attempt of marketing to consumers without interests in the company’s product. The different segmentation types used by Apple include Demographic, Psychographic, Geographic, and Behavioral Segmentation utilized in creating effective marketing campaign. According to McDonald & Wilson (2011), Apple’s demographic segmentation involves division of the company products based on characteristics of certain market. The approach includes income, age, sex, race, and education. The geographic segmentation concepts are differentiated on the basis of physical locations in potential consumers. Further, Apple’s psychographic segmentation involves the lifestyles or personalities of potential consumers. Behavioral segmentation for the Apple Company is based on the analysis of consumers’ actions. According to Estelami (2009), market segmentation in has narrowed from complicated processes that required significant research on consumer behavior. Currently, the firm has in-depth understanding of company objectives and goals. The initial step for market segmentation involves identification of broad markets that are attained through existing channels. For instance, Apple Inc. has produced the iPod as one of its fast moving consumer goods. On the other hand, prior the start of research and development for the product, the department identified broad markets used by the iPod within music markets. The

Family Violence Essay Example for Free

Family Violence Essay While it is difficult to create a concrete definition of family violence or blame anyone involved in it, no one will disagree with the fact that it can be disastrous for all members of any family. The inherent complexity of such situations makes it difficult to blame any single person of the family or to underpin a particular gender as the sole guilty behind such occurrence. Therefore this study briefly explores why this issue looks so complicated and whether such complication would help to solve the situation. According to Levesque et al. (2001), family violence involves family members acts of omission or commission that result in physical abuse, sexual abuse, neglect, or other forms of maltreatment, which eventually hampers healthy development of humans.   The above definition fairly indicates that there are many faces of family violence and it can be difficult for an outsider to identify if there is any violence ongoing in a family. However, American Academy of Family Physicians (2009), explains family violence as the intentional intimidation or abuse of children, adults or elders by a family member, intimate partner or caretaker to gain power and control over the victim. While the first definition mostly emphasizes on action, the second one stresses on intention. This adds to the complexity by highlighting the fact that family violence can take place even without the knowledge of most of the members in a family (Lau et al., 1999). For example, a father may find spanking as an effective tool to intimidate his daughter, and may intentionally does that off and on, which may not be considered as violence by her mother or other members of that family and thus such practice might continue to ruin the victims future. This is very much possible, since many acts are considered as socially accepted violence, such as spanking, and which are not considered as abusive violence, which according to the researchers an act which has a high potential for injuring the person being hit (Straus et al, 1980, pp. 21-22). The above state of affairs shows that there is much ambiguity in pinpointing family violence which in turn points at the fact that how difficult it could be to redress it or to eliminate its occurrence. This signifies the importance of spreading awareness about the damaging potential of family violence and promoting the adoption of behavioral processes that can effectively eliminate such occurrences in a family. For example, encouraging parents to abstain from using corporal punishment to their children could be a way to lessen the instances of child abuse – because the intention behind corporal punishment, i.e., to cause pain but not injury for purposes of coercion and control (Strauss et al., 1980) may be lost with raised temper and loss of control. In all, any injury has the potential to leave a scar on human mind and thus can considerably influence the actions of the victims, which may create further problems to the society. It is from this angle, the hidden niches of family violence need to be identified and redressed, and from that perspective, humans have to go through complex discussions and debates in way of finding its solution. It is not that family violence is a new phenomenon of the society, since instances of it are spread all over in the literature of all times, and earning several sobriquets in different periods, like battered child syndrome (Kempe et al., 1962), granny bashing (Burston, 1975) or battered woman (Walker, 1979). Therefore, it is the pressing lifestyle of modern times have given it some more dimensions and accordingly, the educated minds of modern times are trying to deeply investigate its root as well as its intrinsic effects on human mind. Consequently, the perception about family violence is also gradually changing, where the earlier concept of focusing on the violence on women, children as the potential victims is making way to a newer concept that includes all humans and considers any act detrimental to human development as family violence (Pleck, 1987). Conclusion The apparent complexity in defining or determining family is actually an outcome of the honest search of the researchers that has brought forth many hidden niches of family violence. This is the right process, because the more the mechanism of family becomes clear before all, the more humans will be able to eradicate it and move towards a prosperous and happy future. References American Academy of Family Physicians. (2009). Family and intimate partner violence and abuse. Retrieved July 19, 2009, from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/policy/policies/f/familyandintimatepartner-  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   violenceandabuse.html Burston, G. R. (1975). Granny battering. British Medical Journal, 3, 592. Kemple, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemullar, W., and Silver, Hl. K.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   (1962). The battered-child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Association, 181, 105-112. Lau, J. T. F., Liu, J. L. Y., Tong, C. K., and Tan, P. M. E. H. (1999). Conceptualizations,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   reporting and under-reporting of child abuse in Hong Kong. Child Abuse   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Neglect, 23, 1159-1174 Lavesque, D. A., Velicer, W.F., Castle, P. H., and Greene, R. N. (2008). Violence against   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   women. Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 158-164. Pleck, E. (1987). Domestic tyranny: The making of social policy against family violence from colonical times to the present. New York: Oxford University Press. Straus, M. A., Gelles, R.J., and Steinmetz, S.K. (1980). Behind closed doors:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Violence in American families. Doubleday, NewYork. Walker, L. E. (1979). The battered woman. New York: Harer Colophon Books.

HACCP Plan For Fresh Canned Mushrooms

HACCP Plan For Fresh Canned Mushrooms This project is based on the development of a generic model of a HACCP plan for fresh canned mushrooms by the usage of Canadian Food Inspection Agencys Food Safety Enhancement Program. The goal of this program is to indicate bare minimum requirements for an effective food safety management system. It is based on the principles of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) system developed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission. FSEP has created 10 specific forms that can be used for the documentation of a HACCP plan. The 10 FSEP-HACCP Plan forms are: HACCP is an acronym for the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point system, which is identical with food safety management. Basically it is a system which identifies, evaluates, and controls hazards which are significant for food safety. It gives confidence that food safety is being administered efficiently. The method looks for hazards, or anything that could go wrong regarding product safety, and implements controls subsequently to ensure that the product will not cause harm to the consumer. HACCP was developed originally as a microbiological safety system in the early days (1960s) of the US manned space programme, as it was vital to ensure the safety of food for astronauts. The Pillsbury Company working alongside the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) of the United States and the US Army Laboratories developed the original system (International trade centre December, 2002). PRINCIPLES OF HACCP:- There are seven discrete activities that are necessary to establish, implement and maintain a HACCP plan, and these are referred to as the seven principles in the Codex Guideline (1997). The seven principles are: Principle 1:- Conduct a hazard analysis. Identify hazards and assess the risks associated with them at each step in the commodity system. Describe possible control measures. Principle 2:- Determine the Critical Control Points (CCPs) A critical control point is a step at which control can be applied and is essential to prevent or eliminate a food safety hazard, or reduce it to an acceptable level. The determination of a CCP can be facilitated by the application of a decision tree, such as the one given in Appendix IV. Principle 3:- Establish critical limits. Each control measure associated with a CCP must have an associated critical limit which separates the acceptable from the unacceptable control parameter. Principle 4:- Establish a monitoring system Monitoring is the scheduled measurement or observation at a CCP to assess whether the step is under control, i.e. within the critical limit(s) specified in Principle 3. Principle 5:- Establish a procedure for corrective action, when monitoring at a CCP indicates a deviation from an established critical limit. Principle 6:- Establish procedures for verification to confirm the effectiveness of the HACCP plan. Such procedures include auditing of the HACCP plan to review deviations and product dispositions, and random sampling and checking to validate the whole plan. Principle 7:- Establish documentation concerning all procedures and records appropriate to these principles and their application (Food and Agricuture Organization 2003) BASIC TERMINOLOGY INVOLVED IN HACCP:- Corrective Action: Detection and eradication of the causes of a problem, thus preventing their recurrence. Critical Control Point: A point, step, or procedure at which control can be applied and as a result, a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated, or reduced to acceptable levels. Critical Limits:- The maximum or minimum value to which a physical biological, or chemical hazard must be controlled at a critical control point to prevent, eliminate, or reduce to an acceptable level the occurrence of the identified food safety hazard. Deviation: Failure to meet a critical limit. HACCP Plan: The written document that is based upon the principles of HACCP and delineates the procedures to be followed to ensure the control of a specific process or procedure. HACCP System: The HACCP plan in operation, including the HACCP plans itself. Hazard: Any biological, chemical, or physical property that may cause a food to be unsafe for human consumption. Hazard Analysis:- The identification of any hazardous biological, chemical, or physical properties in raw materials and processing steps, and an assessment of their likely occurrence and potential to cause food to be unsafe for consumption. Preventive Measure: Physical, chemical, or other means that can be used to control an identified food health hazard. Process:- A method consisting of any number of separate, distinct, and ordered operations that are directly under control of the establishment employed in the manufacture of a specific product, or a group of two or more products wherein all CCPs, such as packaging, may be applied to one or more of those products within the group. DEVELOPMENT OF PLANT SPECIFIC HACCP PLAN:- Some preliminary steps are required before development of a plant specific HACCP plan. These includes assembling of HACCP team, describing the food and its method of distribution, identifying the intended use and the consumers of the food, developing the flow diagram that describes the process and finally verifying the flow diagram. The following steps are all a part of developing your plant-specific plan. Description of the Product: The primary step in the development of the model for your process. To help you to progress through the remainder of your model development, it will assist you in describing your product. Process Flow Diagram: After completing product description, this form should be completed. This step consists of the course of the process as the product moves from receiving to finished products shipping. It is helpful to complete this portion of your plan while actually walking through your plant and following the production steps involved in the particular product or process. Hazard Analysis: This is a crucial step in the development of a plant specific HACCP plan. This portion must take into consideration the risk or likelihood of incident, and the rigorousness of each hazard. In order to be considered, an identified hazard must be of such a nature that its prevention, elimination, or reduction to an acceptable level is essential to the production of a safe food. Hazards that are not significant or not likely to occur will not require further consideration. According to its frequency, risk, and severity, the potential significance of each hazard should be assessed. Risk is an estimate of the likely occurrence of a hazard. The estimate of risk is usually based on a combination of experience, epidemiological data, and information in the technical literature. Pathogenic microorganisms of public health significance should be identified as a biological hazard with preventive measures to preclude their growth and propagation. In your hazard analysis there are three categories of hazards to considered: chemical, biological, and physical. Each process step will be evaluated to determine if significant hazards from one or more of these categories are present. The hazards will be listed at each process step along with the specific preventive measures that can control the hazard. Identify the processing steps that present significant hazards and any preventive measures on the Hazard Analysis/Preventive Measures Form. These will be derived from the process steps on your flow diagram. Critical Control Point (CCP) Determination: Detection and explanation of the CCP for each identified hazard is the next step in plan development. For the completion of this form we need the CCP determination and the information and data you recorded on the Hazard Analysis/Preventive Measures form. HACCP Plan Development: To ensure that your process is under control and adequate to produce a safe product, this portion of the plan development will be used to delegate the specific activities, frequencies, critical limits, and corrective actions. In addition, the HACCP plan will include specification of critical limits. These limits will be specified after the identification of the CCPs for the process and will be listed in the HACCP Plan. The critical limit must, at a minimum, meet the regulatory requirement for that specific process step if one exists. An equivalent limit based on a process or technology proven to render the product unadulterated may also be used. The following will be identified or described in the HACCP plan: the establishment monitoring procedure or device to be used; the corrective action to be taken if the limit is exceeded; the individual responsible for taking corrective action; the records that will be generated and maintained for each CCP; and the estab lishment verification activities and the frequency at which they will be conducted. (United States Department of Agriculture April, 1997) MODEL PLAN FOR FRESH CANNED MUSHROOMS:- Hazard Analysis: The foremost critical step in the effective development and implementation of the plant specific HACCP plan is conducting an analysis of the physical, chemical, and biological hazards associated with a process. The information gathered for the biological, chemical, or physical hazard will aid in determining where a hazard might happen in the process, what may possibly cause the hazard, how it can be prevented, and actions to be taken if conditions which could result in a hazard occur. Information on physical hazards may be more general and may consist simply of items found in foods that are injurious to human health such as glass, metal, broken needles, etc. The evaluation of physical hazards should include the suppliers utilized and their ability to provide products, ingredients, or materials that meet the food safety requirements of the plant. Past incidents of physical contamination occurring in the plant should also be a consideration when determining the significance of a hazard and the likely occurrence of a similar or related deviation. If specific chemical hazards exist that are associated with the process, these should also be considered at this point. Contamination from chemicals used for cleaning, equipment maintenance or upkeep is also of concern (United States Department of Agriculture April, 1997). Critical Control Point Decision Tree:- (http://www.fda.gov/ucm/groups/fdagov-public/documents/image/ucm054476.gif). PREPARING YOUR HACCP PLAN:- Assemble the HACCP team: Your HACCP team should be composed of a HACCP trained individual and/or other member(s) who are familiar with the product and the process as it is conducted in your plant. There is no set number of participants. This will be determined by each individual establishment. All team members should receive at least a basic introduction to HACCP. Training can be formal classroom training, correspondence, on-the-job training, information from college courses, and/or books or manuals. Product Description Form:- Form 1 Product Name(s) Canned mushrooms Important Product Characteristics (aw, pH, Salt, Preservatives,) pH 4.6 to 6.5 (low-acid) aw >0.85 (high moisture) How it is to be used Normally heated before serving or sometimes served unheated (salads, appetizers, etc) and can also be used for dressing Pizza etc. Packaging Hermetically sealed metal container Shelf Life Exactly Two years plus from the date of purchase, at normal retail shelf temperatures Where it will be sold Retail outlets, institutions, food service, and general public Labeling Instructions As per the ingredients added. Special Distribution Control No physical damage, excess humidity or temperature extremes Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) List of Product Ingredient and Incoming Material:- This form is only needed if there is more than one ingredient. Form 2 Raw Material Mushrooms Packaging Materials Cans Ends Dry Ingredients Salt Ascorbic acid Citric acid Other Water Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Process Flow Diagram:- Plant Schematic:- A plant schematic should be prepared for the products or process groups covered by the HACCP plan. Plant schematic provides a basis for calculating prospective regions of cross-contamination. Plant schematic shall be clear, accurate and sufficiently detailed. Plant schematic shall at least include: the flow of raw products, ingredients and finished products, flow of packaging materials, employee traffic pattern throughout the establishment including change rooms, washrooms and lunchrooms, flow of the waste, inedible products and other non-food products that could cause cross-contamination and finally the hand/boot washing and sanitizing installations. The overall evaluation of potential areas of cross-contamination at the establishment should include any other plant schematic from other HACCP plans. The HACCP team shall verify the accuracy and completeness of the plant schematic by on-site checking. (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009). Biological Hazard Identification:- Form 5 Biological Hazards List all Biological Hazards related to Ingredients, Incoming Material, Processing, Product Flow, etc. Identified Biological Hazards (Bacteria, Parasites, Viruses) Incoming Materials Mushrooms: Could contain C. botulinum or other pathogenic bacteria, yeasts and moulds Could contain heat-stable staphylococcal enterotoxin from improper grower handling Empty cans/ends Cans could arrive with serious double seam, side seam, metal plate defects or physical damage which could result in leakage causing post-process contamination Ends could arrive with compound skips, metal plate defects, or damage, which could result in leakage causing post-process contamination Dry ingredients Could contain bacterial spores Could contain filth from insects, animals or the environment Water Could contain pathogens Process Steps Receiving Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could have serious defects or damage Dry ingredients received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could be contaminated with bacterial spores or filth from insects, animals or the environment Mushrooms (Raw) Storing Improper storage temperature humidity could result in an increased bacterial load Could be contaminated with filth from insects, animals or the environment Empty Cans/Ends Storing Physical damage could cause the formation of poor double seams, which could result in post process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Could be contaminated with filth from insects, animals or the environment Dry Ingredients Storing Could be contaminated with filth from insects, animals or the environment Depalletizing Using incorrect cans or damaged cans could result in leakage and subsequent post-process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Blanching Improper cleaning of blancher could result in the growth of thermophilic bacteria in mushroom accumulations Inadequate removal of gases could cause stressed double seams and leakage, which could result in post-process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Can conveying Physical damage could cause the formation of poor double seams, which could result in post process contamination with pathogenic bacteria Slicing/Dicing (If required) Slice thickness/clumping and percent fines could affect the heat penetration, which could result in underprocessing Filling Mushroom compaction during filling may result in underprocessing Weighing Cans not properly rejected for overweight could result in overfilled cans being underprocessed Water Filling Inadequate temperature could result in low initial temperature (IT) End Feeding/Closing/Inspecting Ends with damaged curls, compound skips or other serious defects could result in leakage and contamination with pathogenic bacteria Improperly formed double seams could result in leakage and contamination with pathogenic bacteria Thermal Processing (Still Steam Retorts) Non-validated process or vent schedule could result in underprocessing and survival of pathogenic bacteria Improper product flow procedures in retort area could result in retort baskets missing the retort allowing the survival and growth of pathogenic bacteria Excessive time lapse between closing and retorting could result in excessive build up of bacteria, some of which could survive the thermal process Lack of adherence to time, temperature and other critical factors of the scheduled process or vent schedule could result in inadequate heat treatment allowing the survival of pathogenic bacteria Cooling Insufficient bactericide in cooling water could result in contamination of product during vacuum creation in cans Excess bactericide in cooling water could eventually result in corrosion and subsequent leakage and contamination of product Insufficient contact time between the bactericide and water could result in contamination of product during vacuum creation in cans Insufficient cooling could result in thermophilic spoilage Excessive cooling could result in post-process contamination due to leakage of corroded cans Conveying/Drying Contaminated water from wet unclean post-process can handling equipment and general handling could contaminate product Container Integrity Evaluating/Labelling Failure to statistically sample and/or dud detect lots and reject and evaluate containers with no/low vacuum or serious defects could result in defective product going to market Physical damage to cans could result in leakage and contamination of product Storing Physical damage to cans could result in leakage and contamination of product High temperatures could result in growth of thermophilic bacteria Shipping Physical damage to cans could result in leakage and contamination of product Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Chemical Hazard Identification:- Form 6 Chemical Hazards List all Chemical Hazards Related to Ingredients, Incoming Material, Processing, Product Flow, etc. Identified Chemical Hazards Incoming Materials Mushrooms Could contain agricultural chemicals residues Empty cans/ends Could be contaminated with cleaning chemicals and lubricants Water Could be contaminated with dissolved heavy metals or toxic organic chemicals Process Steps Receiving Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could contain cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Empty Cans/Ends Storing Improper storage of cleaning compounds and other chemicals could lead to empty can/end contamination Dry Ingredients Storing Improper storage of cleaning compounds and other chemicals could lead to dry ingredient contamination Blanching Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Mushroom Conveying/Inspecting Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Slicing/Dicing (If required) Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Filling Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination End Feeding/Closing/Inspecting Excessive cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants could cause product contamination Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Physical Hazard Identification- Form 7 Physical Hazards with Controls List all Physical Hazards Related to Ingredients, Incoming Material, Processing, Product Flow, etc. Identified Physical Hazards Incoming Materials Mushrooms Could be contaminated with hazardous extraneous material, eg. glass, metal, plastic, stones and wood (slivers and fragments) Empty cans/ends Could contain hazardous extraneous material Dry ingredients Could be contaminated with hazardous extraneous material Process Steps Receiving Cans received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could contain hazardous extraneous material Dry ingredients received from suppliers without valid contract specifications could contain hazardous extraneous material Raw Mushroom Storing Inadequate protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of raw mushrooms Dry Ingredients Storing Inadequate protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of the food ingredients Can Conveying Inappropriate design and protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of the final food product Mushroom Conveying/Inspecting Inappropriate design and protection against hazardous extraneous material could result in contamination of the mushrooms Slicing/Dicing (If required) Product could become contaminated with metal fragments from plant equipment Foreign-Object Removing Inadequate monitoring and cleaning of foreign object remover could allow foreign objects to contaminate the product Filling Cans of filled mushrooms could become contaminated with metal fragments from filling equipment End Feeding/Closing/Inspecting Cans of filled mushrooms could become contaminated with metal fragments from closing machine during and after jam ups Date: Approved by: (Canadian Food Inspection Agency 2009) Critical Control Point Determination:- Form 8 Category and Identified Hazard Determine if fully controlled by Prerequisite Program(s) If YES, indicate Prerequisite Program and proceed to next identified hazard. If NO, proceed to question 1 (Q1) Q1. Could a control measure(s) be used by the operator at any process step? If NO = not a CCP + identification on how this hazard will be controlled before and after the process + proceed to the next identified hazard If YES = description + next question (Q2) Q2. Is it likely that contamination with the identified hazard could occur in excess of the acceptable level or could increase to an unacceptable level? If NO = not a CCP + proceed to the next identified hazard If YES = next question (Q3) Q3. Is this process step specifically designed to eliminate/reduce the likely occurrence of the identified hazard to an acceptable level? If NO = next question (Q4) If YES = CCP + go to last column Q4. Will a subsequent step eliminate the identified hazard or reduce likely occurrence to an acceptable level? If NO = CCP + go to last column If YES = not a CCP + identify subsequent step + proceed to the next identified hazard CCP Number + proceed to next identified hazard Process Step/Incoming Material: Mushrooms as delivered Biological Pathogens Yes Heat treatment Yes N/A Yes Thermal Processing Biological Heat stable toxins No Upstream programs (farms) Chemical Agricultural chemicals No Upstream programs (farms) Physical Hazardous extraneous material Yes Visual inspection Plant equipment No Process Step/Incoming Material: Empty cans/ends as delivered Biological Post process contamination from serious can defects and damage Yes Contract specifications Visual and can tear-down inspection Yes N/A Yes Receiving Biological Post process contamination from compound skips, plate defects and end damage Yes Contract specifications Visual end inspection Yes N/A Yes Receiving Chemical Cleaning chemical contaminants and lubricants Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Physical Hazardous extraneous material Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Process Step/Incoming Material: Dry ingredients as delivered Biological Bacterial spores Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Biological Filth Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Physical Hazardous extraneous material Yes Contract specifications Yes N/A Yes Receiving Process Step/Incoming Material: Water at intake Biological Pathogens Prerequisite programs Chemical Heavy metals other toxic chemicals Prerequisite programs Process Step Process Step/Incoming Material: Receiving Biological Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain serious defects, or damage Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Biological Dry ingredients received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain bacterial spores or filth Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Chemical Empty cans/ends received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain chemical residues or lubricants Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Physical Empty cans/ends and dry ingredients received from suppliers without contract specifications may contain hazardous extraneous material Yes Contract specifications Yes Yes CCP-1 Process Step/Incoming Material: Mushrooms Refrigerated storing Biological Increased bacterial load Prerequisite programs Biological Filth Prerequisite Program Physical Hazardous extraneous material Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Cans/Ends Storing Biological Post process contamination due to cans/ends damaged during storage Prerequisite programs Biological Filth Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical contamination Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Dry Ingredients Storing Biological Filth Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical contamination Prerequisite programs Physical Hazardous extraneous material from storeroom Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Can Depalletizing Biological Post-process contamination due to incorrect or damaged cans Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Blanching Biological Growth of thermophiles Prerequisite programs Biological Inadequate removal of gases Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Can Conveying Biological Post-process contamination due to damaged cans Prerequisite programs Physical Hazardous extraneous material from plant environment Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Mushroom / Conveying / Inspecting Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Physical Hazardous extraneous material Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Slicing/Dicing (If required) Biological Improper slice thickness / clumping, and percent fines could result in under-processing Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Physical Metal fragments from equipment Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Foreign Object Removing Physical Failure to remove foreign objects Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Filling Biological Mushroom compaction during filling resulting in under processing Prerequisite programs Chemical Cleaning chemical residues and/or lubricants Prerequisite programs Physical Metal fragments from equipment Prerequisite programs Process Step/Incoming Material: Weighing Biological Product heavier than maximum fill weight in scheduled process could result in under-processing Yes Weighing Yes Yes CCP-2 Process Step/Incoming Material: Water filling Biological Inadequate temperature resulting in low it Yes Take it just prior to thermal process Yes No Yes Thermal Processing Process Step/Incoming Material: End Feeding/Closing/ Inspecting Biological Post-process contamination due to damaged ends, compound ski

Who is Smarter? Essays -- Gender Equality Intelligence Education Essay

Who is Smarter? Who's smarter? There have been several tests given to young boys and girls to test their intelligence, the turnout has been that girls' overall average intelligence is higher than that of boys. Are girls just naturally born smarter or do the teachers have something to do with it? In David Thoma's article, The Mind of Man, he writes about how he believes that women teachers are the reason why boys score lower on tests and don't do as well as girls in school. "At kindergarten and primary school level, in which little girls out-perform the boys, the vast majority of teachers are female."(121) He focuses on the fact that boys are more rebellious and outgoing than girls. Thomas believes that becasue most boys have behavior problems the teacher becomes concerned with their social and not their academic life. Since girls tend to be more diligent and less rebellious, the boys are usually the ones that speak up more forcefully and are spoken to more often by teachers. "Surveys showed that woman teachers consistently praised girls more than boys, and equally consistently criticized the boys' behavior, often regarding it as a serious problem requiring remedial treatment."(121) He adds how women teachers always seem to find boys to be loud and aggressive. In a classroom setting little girls will usually be playing or working in a quiet orderly manner while boys would be doing the same thing in a noisy and disorderly way requiring more supervision. Thomas believes that because a female teacher has to constantly keep calling the boys' attention the teacher ends up having favorite, usually being girls because they are going through a process they have already been through. Although Thomas believes that traditional male... ...ects in their head. Females prove better at reading the emotions of people in photographs."(121) Overall, I don't agree with Thomas' statement that boys do bad in school due to female teachers. If this is the case then can we say that girls do badly with male teachers? What does Thomas mean by saying that boys need to behave in ways that are not natural to them? Does he mean that they need to behave in a disciplined manner? I believe Thomas kind of contradicts himself because he does say that "boys whose lives are led without structure and discipline do not find themselves liberated. Instead they become bored, frustrated and maladaptive. They fight. They misbehave and they perform badly, both at school and thereafter."(124) Works Cited Lunsford, A. Andrea, Ruszkiewicz, J. John. The Prescence of Others. Bedford/St. Martins: Boston, New York. Copyright 2000.

Influential Renaissance Architecture Essay -- Architecture

As one begins to delve into the history of modern architecture one quickly realizes the influence that Renaissance architects such as Donato Bramante, Raphael, and Michelangelo had on modern architecture. Simply look around a city at the business district and one will see bits and pieces of the Renaissance architecture. The Renaissance architecture has had an influence on architecture throughout the ages. St. Peter’s Basilica Donato Bramante was born in 1444 near Urbino. At an early age Bramante was exposed to the world of art and architecture. Bramante’s early exposure to the world of art influenced his future architectural work such as his work on Saint Peter’s Basilica. Bramante started to gained recognition while he was working on â€Å"Tempietto† that was constructed on the site that is believed to be the site where St. Peter was hung (Benton & Di Yanni, 2005). The work on Tempietto was commissioned by Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain; thus, bringing prestige to Bramante’s work. It was this type of recognition that led to Bramante being commissioned to design and rebuild St Peter’s Basilica. Pope Julius II decided that the old basilica need to be torn down because the old basilica had been built in the early fourth century during the era of Constantine; therefore, the Pope decided a new basilica was needed. He appointed Bramante as the architecture to build a new Basilica befitting the papacy’s image (Benton & Di Yanni, 2005). Bramante decided that the new basilica would be a magnificent version of the Tempietto that he had built in 1502. The design would be â€Å"a monumentally proportioned, centrally planned church to be capped by an immense dome† (Fiero, 2008, p. 196). He did not follow the â€Å"classical longitudi... ...ivan-architect/louis- henry-sullivan-architect.php Benton, R. J. & DiYanni, R. (2005). Arts and cultures; an introduction to the Humanities. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson-Prentice Hall Craven, J. (2010). The Wainwright building. Retrieved on May 12, 2010 from, http://architecture.about.com/od/skyscrapers/ig/Skyscrapers/Wainwright-Building-htm Fiero, G.K. (2008). Landmarks in humanities (2nd ed). Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill. History-World.org. (unknown). Architecture. Retrieved on may 10, 2010 from, http://history-world.org/greek%20architecture.htm Planetware.com. (2010). St. Peter’s Basilica, Vatican City. Retrieved on May 14, 2010 from, http://www.planetware.com/vatican-city/st-peters-basilica-scv-scv-rspv.htm Vaticanstate.va. (2010). St. Peter’s Basilica. Retrieved on May 20, 2010 from, http://vaticanstat.va/EN/Monuments/Saint_Peter_Basilica/

Advantages and Disadvantages of Moving Files

Although you can store files on off-site servers or use local file transfer protocol to send files, there are several advantages to using email attachments to share files with contacts. Email attachments do not work In every situation, but If you are sending small files (Like pictures,documents or short audio files), there are several reasons why sending email attachments Is advantageous. Ease of use Attaching a file to an email message is a very simple process. All you need to do is enter the recipient's email address, compose a short message, and then press the â€Å"attach† button.Then select the file from your computer and press â€Å"K. † If the file is large, you may have to wait a few seconds for the file to finish uploading. Then press the â€Å"send† button, and the file will be on its way to its recipient. This process is much simpler than using a complex FTP or off-site server, as it does not require you (or the recipient) to sign up for any services o r share links to sites that may or may not be compatible with the recipient's browser or operating system. However, email attachments are compatible with any system, as long as the recipient has the program necessary to open It.Convenience * Email attachments are also a very convenient solution for transferring small files. While FTP services often require two users to be on the same time, email attachments can be opened anytime, since they are independently stored in the email inbox. Email attachments can also be stored indefinitely and do not have an â€Å"expiration† date, like files stored on an off-site server file uploading service. Security * Most web-based email accounts as well as well as email handling programs have anti-virus software that will scan your attachment for viruses both before it is sent ND after it is received.This will ensure that the files you send are safe and not contaminated with viruses or other malicious software. The security aspect of sending email attachments will also give your recipient(s) piece of mind about downloading your files. DISADVANTAGES: I nerve are many reasons to Aviva Senegal or rearing many Kolas AT attachments sent via email. Lets start with the disadvantages of one particular type of attachment: a Microsoft Word document. It is usually preferable to send plain text in the body of the message or HTML rather than a Word file.See below for how to do that. The sender may be unwittingly revealing confidential information. Many versions of Word have a habit of revealing details about your computer and saving deleted text in a way that the recipient can uncover (e. G. Law firms have ended up revealing damaging information). * Word files can transmit viruses, so they should only be opened if you are expecting the message. * Many people do not have any software they can use to read Word files, and it is often more of a hassle to read a Word file for those that do have such software.Many people avoid the use of Word and other Microsoft rodents because Microsoft has been convicted of illegal anti-competitive behavior and has a bad record on security. * Word files are slow to send and waste space. A typical one page document can be ten times bigger and slower in Word than in web format (HTML) or plain text. Many people have a limited amount of space in their mailboxes. There are some â€Å"free† programs which allow people using some operating systems under many circumstances with many modern computers to read many Word documents.But some other people cannot use these programs even if they wanted to, and it is the clear goal and practice of Microsoft to continue to modify Word and its other programs so that all attempt to be compatible with them will fail. Remember – Microsoft has been convicted in court of Just this sort of monopolistic behavior, and it was sustained upon appeal. Sharing Files Attaching a file to email is a common and familiar way of sharing a file with others , but email was never designed as a way to transfer files. In fact today's large files can overwhelm a mail server.Fortunately there are many other ways to share files, most of them Just as easy as sending an attachment. Most of them offer other advantages over email as well. Different Ways to Share Files The â€Å"right† way to share a file will depend on the situation, so it is a good idea to know your options. A few relevant questions are: * Are all the people who need to see the file SC members? * Is it important that other people not see the file? * How often will you be sharing files with these people? * Do they need to make changes and then share them with you? * What kind of Internet connection, software, etc. O your intended recipients have? Public Network Space All files on the Y: drive are accessible to any SC member, so one quick way to share files is to put them on the Y: drive. Just make yourself a folder (give it your name so it's easy to tell who it belongs to ), put the files in it, and tell the others where they can get it. Advantages of this method: * It's very quick and easy. * Winston allows SC members to log in remotely and access the Y: drive. Disadvantages of this method: * Any SC member can view files on the Y: drive, and in theory they could delete or modify them. Files on Y: are automatically deleted after 30 days. Only s c memoirs can access ten Y: Arleen. * Remote users must be able to log in to the SC network to view the file. Shared Network Space Linux and Windows have the ability to define groups which can share files on the network. A group can have a central location where shared files are stored–here at the SC we call these project directories. Windows project directories are stored on the X: drive, while Linux project directories are stored under [project, available from Windows as the V: drive.If you need to repeatedly share files with the same people, setting up a group is a very easy way to do it. If you need to have a group created or would like a shared directory for your group, please contact the Help Desk. Advantages of this method: You control who can view the file (by specifying who is in your group). * They can change the file and easily make the changes available to you. * The file is backed up regularly. * Winston allows SC members to log in remotely so they can access shared files. * Only SC members can be part off group on our network. Remote users must be able to log in to the SC network to view the file. * You will need to contact the Help Desk to have people added to or removed from your group. The Web You can make any file available on the Sac's web server. All SC users can set up a web site, and it's not as difficult as it may sound. Take a look at Publishing a Web Site on the Sac's Web Server. If the file should not be available to the general public it is possible to password-protect a web page so that only people with a user name and password you provide can view it.P lease see Limiting Access to a Web Page for instruction on setting it up. You can put the file on the web server as is, or in some cases (a Word document for example) you can convert it to an actual web page so no software is needed to view it other than a web browser. Advantages of this method: * The file is available to anyone with Internet access, regardless of location or SC affiliation. * If you password protect the file, you control who can view it by giving them the user name and password. * If you convert the file too web page, the recipient does not need to have the same software you do in order to view it. Unless you password protect the file anyone can access it. * Web passwords are sent in plain text and there is a small chance someone could intercept it–this method is not secure enough for sensitive data. * Users cannot change the file and make the changes available to you. CD The SC has CD burners available in 2470, 3218, and 4218 Social Science. If you deed to share a large file or a large number of files, you can burn them onto a CD and then distribute the files by distributing the CD, by mail if necessary. This is also an excellent way to take files with you when you change locations.