John Locke of Poor Reform and Workhouses Essay

The reading for this week addresses Locke’s understanding of the relationship between the poor and the capable citizens in society. He stated explicitly in his second treatise on government, the importance of work and labor in order to assess a person’s worth. Locke believes that man is not meant to be idle and that the purpose of existence is to live in the image of God and work towards a life of moral bounds and labor upon the earth making it more beneficial to all those who enjoy its benefits. During the century that Locke is writing, about 50-70% of the population is extremely poor. There seemed to be no freedoms unless the institution of waged labor came into question. Waged labor during this time was not much better than being a slave and in many ways is just an extension of slavery. In order to combat the growing problem of the poor in the England cities, Locke proposes the idea of workhouses which would be the equivalent of reform schools. In these institutions, young people of the poor or incapacitated nature would learn tangible skills that they can then use in their homes or that they could use in order to attain a job. Education is very important to Locke because it is one of the main differences between rich/ able bodied and the poor. In my opinion, it is because of the lack of extensive education that the numbers of poor during this century in English history skyrocketed instead of declining as more jobs and resources became available. According to Locke, a major factor in the high numbers of poor is the fact that they are simply idle or lazy and do not want to work hard in order to attain money or land. For some citizens, things of this nature come automatically due to inheritances and things of that nature and presents Locke with a parallel of poor with no means of moving up and the rich with any intent of sharing the wealth and / or knowledge. Rather than poor people, idleness seems to be the root of all evil and the proposal of the English workhouses serve as a remedy to that problem. The sort of public school training that they would provide would give them the opportunity to learn skills that would be used in waged labor so that the poor could be re-entered into society. When referring to the issue of how to address the poor, Locke states that at some point everyone must be trusted to govern themselves and that all able-bodied men are made so by being able to be taught to be good, virtuous, and hard working. Other than spinning and knitting and things of that nature the papers of the purpose, structure, and ends of the development of workhouses does not discuss the formal education of the subjects with regards to curriculum. Because there cannot be accommodations made for any member of society all people should be treated on relatively equal bounds and all should have the opportunity to labor and work in order to combat idleness which is the devil’s playground. I think an important aspect of Locke’s philosophy is the idea that children are property of the public and it is the public’s responsibility to make sure that they have the means to train and educate them so that they will grow up to be able-bodied virtuous citizens. This concept holds true today in that in the United States children are required to go through school until a certain age in order to ensure that they will be able to contribute to society at large.

Information Systems in Healthcare Essay

Nurses face new situations and challenges with today’s rapid growing information technology and telecommunication systems. Telehealth is a progressively advancing system that incorporates the use of technology to enhance patient care in the most effective and efficient way possible at a distance (Epidirippulige, 2010). Telenursing is a part of telehealth that is gaining significant growth as a subspecialty. â€Å"The use of remote patient monitoring, often referred to as telehealth, has been widely adopted by health care providers, particularly home care agencies† (Suter et al., 2011). Patients with chronic health diseases such as congestive heart failure (CHF) benefit from telehealth services. The use of Telenursing services can improve health outcomes, promote self-care through guidance and education, as well as decrease readmissions to the hospital and their related medical cost. Telenursing is emerging rather quickly due to the ongoing shortage of nurses globally. à ¢â‚¬Å"New ways to manage chronic illness are imperative, especially as the population ages, chronic illness increases and the nursing shortage continues† (Bowles et al., 2009, p. 344). The purpose of my research is to provide information on the role of nursing in telehealth practices, the advantages and disadvantages for patients, as well as legal factors to consider when providing nursing care to patients with chronic illnesses within home health agencies. Telenursing is defined by the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) as â€Å"the practice of nursing over distance using telecommunications technology† (American Telemedicine Association (ATA), 2008). A few examples of terms commonly used to refer to telehealth are: telenursing, telecare, telemonitoring, telehomecare and telemedicine (Artinian, 2007). All of which are â€Å"the provision of clinical care at a distance through the use of electronic communication and information technologies† (Artinian, 2007, p. 25). Telehealth services can be offered at doctor’s offices, hospitals, and within the patient’s home. Through the use of telephones, video, computers, and other monitoring equipment patients have the capability of receiving expert quality medical care. It allows patients the ability to feel comfortable knowing a health professional is monitoring their illness regularly and not only between doctor visits. The role of a Telenurse is a unique approach to nursing care and component of the telehealth system. â€Å"The nurse engages in the practice of nursing by interacting with a client at a remote site to electronically receive the client’s health status data, initiate and transmit therapeutic interventions and regimens, and monitor and record the client’s response and nursing care outcomes† (NCSBN Position Paper on Telenursing: A Challenge to Regulation, 1997). Telehealth nursing (THN) allows nurses to see more patients on a daily basis, while decreasing the over-all work load of the nurses on a unit due to understaffing issues. The nurse can accomplish this without leaving the hospital or doctor’s office, saving considerable amounts of time by using interactive telehealth equipment, allowing other health care professionals to focus on patients admitted with emergencies. Nurses have access to the patient’s health issues and provide education as well as counseling regarding their disease processes and management as they progress. Effective communication between the nurse, family and patient is a vital role for successful management of the disease process and for the encouragement of patient involvement with self-care. The availability of telehealth nursing offers numerous advantages to patients with chronic health diseases. More and more home care agencies are beginning to offer telehealth services due to the advantages in improvements in health care outcomes, decreased re-hospitalizations and medical costs, as well as promoting patients to become more proactive with their disease management. Depending on the severity of the patient’s medical condition, these benefits can be accomplished with the proper devotion to treatments and telehealth monitoring systems in place. Patients with chronic diseases tend to make more visits to the hospital and develop more health care expenses than patients without chronic health diseases (Suter et al., 2011). Within the comforts of their home, patients are able to obtain their vital signs and report symptoms using medical technology (blood pressure machine,  glucometer, weight scale or pulse oximetry) and reported to the THN via the telephone, in-person through home visits, or by telemonitoring (Bowels et al., 2009). The information provided by the patient allows the nurse to make decisions based on the patient’s symptoms and vital signs. A perfect example, as reported by Edirippulige (2010), is through wound care management, here studies have shown to prove that THN care can be quick and effective with the ability to take digital images of the wound during an at home visit. Both the THN and wound care specialist were able to collaborate and make necessary treatment plans, resulting in fewer at home visits, a reduction in healing time, and the prevention of hospitalization (Edirippulige, 2010). A second advantage to THN is the promotion of self-care management. According to Shea & Chomoff (2012), â€Å"patients who are active in self-care communicate with healthcare providers and develop partnerships as collaborators† (p. 111). This allows patients to develop the knowledge and skills needed to gain the confidence with the management of their medical problems including â€Å"regular assessment of progress and problems, goal setting, and problem-solving support† (Suter et al., 2011, p. 111). Therefore, decreasing the possibility of their disease process from becoming worse and prevent unnecessary hospitalizations. A third advantage is the ability of telehealth services to offer frequent follow-up care to patient’s that can lead to fewer complications with their disease management (Artinian, 2007). While there are great advantages to THN disadvantages have also been seen that can lead to unsuccessful implementation of telehealth services. One disadvantage to THN is the patient’s lack of motivation, which can interfere with the patient’s ability to collect data appropriately necessary to provide quality nursing care. Therefore, it is important to assess the patient’s readiness to learn for appropriate disease management. Another disadvantage is lack of communication. Shea & Chamoff (2012), stated that â€Å"Patients who do not talk to the nurse as often may rely on the telemonitored data more, but because of lack of communication, the THN does not know that the information is being used for self-care† (p. 114). Maintaining effective communication by offering detailed information regarding the plan of care and goals between the patient and nurse can prevent misunderstandings that may implicate the patients’ health condition. Lastly, age can be a factor. In a study conducted by Bowles (2010),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"patients who refused to use the technology were significantly older than those who accepted it† (p. 3). Conclusion and Recommendations My research has shown that telehealth can improve the overall quality of patient care at a distance by reducing readmissions to the hospital and its related medical cost, promote self-care, and improve health outcomes. A telehealth nurse can play a vital role with the success of home health agencies providing telehealth services. Before recommending that you apply for the position of THN, there are certain aspects to keep in mind when it comes to guidelines and legalities. It is important to understand your role at adhering to â€Å"the standards of quality, patient privacy and confidentiality as established in traditional nursing practice and governed law† (ATA, 2008, p. 2). Artinian 2007, (as cited by ANA, 1999), reported that â€Å"in 1999 the American Nursing Association published Core Principles on Telehealth describing professional standards in telehealth† (p. 29). These guidelines provide information to assist nurses with protecting a client’s privacy when services are rendered. Be cautious of licensure issues. There may come a time when you may receive directions from a provider on behalf of a patient who is located in another state. It’s important to practice within your state jurisdiction. Legal issues on behalf of negligence may arise. It is the responsibility of the nurse to understand and know how equipment is used. To avoid negligence, â€Å"staff and patients must be educated about the proper use and care of any telehealth devices† (Artinian, 2007, p. 29). I wish you luck and hope that I was able to provide you with enough information to support your decision. References American Telemedicine Association. (2008). Telehealth nursing: A white paper developed and accepted by the telehealth nursing special interest group. Artinian, N. (2007). Telehealth as a tool for enhancing care for patients with cardiovascular disease. Journal Of Cardiovascular Nursing, 22(1), 25-31. Bowles, K. H. (2010). Achieving meaningful use with information technology: telehealth research. Online Journal Of Nursing Informatics, 14(3). Bowles, K. H., Holland, D. E., & Horowitz, D. A. (2009). A comparison of in-person home care, home care with telephone contact and home care with telemonitoring for disease management. Journal of telemedicine and telecare, 15(7), 344-350. Edirippulige, S. (2010). Readiness of nurses for practicing telehealth. Studies In Health Technology & Informatics, 16149-56. National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN). (1997). Position Paper on Telenursing: A Challenge to Regulation. https://www.ncsbn.org/TelenursingPaper.pdf Shea, K., & Chamoff, B. (2012). Telehomecare Communication and Self-Care in Chronic Conditions: Moving Toward a Shared Understanding. Worldviews On Evidence-Based Nursing, 9(2), 109-116. doi:10.1111/j.1741-6787.2012.00242.x Suter, P., Suter, W., & Johnston, D. (2011). Theory-Based Telehealth and Patient Empowerment. Population Health Management, 14(2), 87-92. doi:10.1089/pop.2010.0013

Makeup Essay

How to put on makeup Many women in the world use make-up for many different reasons. Here is a fast method for women and girls who have never put on makeup. If you are interested in a more casual look this would be the perfect method to use. The method consists of putting on eyeliner, mascara, eyebrow pencil, eyeshadow, bronzer, lip stick, lip gloss and body sparkles. First off, put liquid eyeliner directly on top of eyelashes right where the eyelid and eyelash meet. Then after you do that, put a 1/2-inch line of liquid eyeliner on outer sides of eyelids to make your eyes look fuller and wider.After that make sure the lines are equal. Next apply mascara to upper and lower eyelashes, but make sure you don't put too much cause your eyelashes might end up clumpy. Also make sure you applied enough eyeliner and mascara so your eyes look wide and bold. Then, apply a matching eyebrow pencil to eyebrow to make them look sharper and more elegant. After you complete that step, then take a dark brown eyeshadow and place it right above the eyeliner with an eyeshadow brush. Make sure you do not cover up the eyeliner with the eyeshadow.After that, take the eyeshadow brush and add a light pink eyeshadow directly beneath your eyebrow. Once you have done that take a small blending brush and blend both of the eyeshadow together. It should make a pinkish brownish color once completely blended. Make sure your eyebrows and eyeshadow look even and match the color scheme. Lastly, get a bronzer that matches your skin tone and lightly brush it over your cheekbones with a medium sized buffer brush so your cheeks look shinier than the rest of your face. Next apply a reddish pinkish lipstick to your lips.Making them bright and elegant. Then add a sparkly pink or red lip gloss to make the final touches on your makeup. Make sure that you do not have too much bronzer on. Finally, dab an even amount of body glitter all over your body. In conclusion, many women and girls use makeup for many di fferent reasons. The method above is great for a casual look. This method is also great for women and girls who have never put on makeup. list of the things you will need to put on your make up consists of, eyeliner, mascara,eyebrow pencil, eyeshadow, bronzer, lip stick, lip gloss and body sparkles.

The Role of Religious Beliefs in Promoting Social Conflict and War Research Paper

The Role of Religious Beliefs in Promoting Social Conflict and War - Research Paper Example The paper at hand analyzes how it happens and what often results in social conflicts as well as wars. Few religions or other such systems of beliefs cling on to their creeds and â€Å"dogmas,† without the slightest â€Å"compromise† with anything or anyone (Brahm n.pag). Religious dogmas play a major role in promoting conflicts. Almost every â€Å"religion† has different elements of â€Å"faith† systems which are meant to be â€Å"accepted† by its people, no matter what. Therefore, these people always tend to have an â€Å"extremist† approach and this acts as the root cause to all the problems (Brahm). According to Brahm, such type of people hold their religious views as the supreme one and have no respect for another religion or other people and this often â€Å"contributes† in arousing antagonism. Eric Brahm further says that this â€Å"escalates† the conflicts and brings in harmful consequences for all. The measures of â€Å"evangelism† with wrong approaches entail â€Å"conflicts† and persecutions. â€Å"Reli gious nationalism† is another element which one should not overlook (Brahm). Here, the national issues are articulated with the religion of the nation, which will entail in negative impacts more than positive ones (Brahm). Communalism is closely attached to this view. Communalism is a phenomenon, which comprises of various extremist approaches that are harmful both for the society as well as people. The every day havocs caused by communalism are evident from the news all around the world, where people follow communalism. Communalists say that a specific religious group have commonality with respect to their other socio-political needs too. This further creates sects and religion thus creates division among people. Such divisions, to a certain extent are considered good, as is the case for providing an identity for different people. However, when the identity issue crosses its bounds, antagonism rises and all types of complexities start to originate.

International Trade Between China And Canada Essay

International Trade Between China And Canada - Essay Example Priority sectors for this trade mission included agriculture and agri-food, information and communications technologies, aerospace, biotechnology, education, natural resources, transportation, financial services and tourism. The People's Republic of China (excluding the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region) is Canada's fourth largest export market. In 2005, Canada's total merchandise exports to China amounted to $7.1 billion, an increase of 6% over 2004. Total merchandise imports from China increased to $29.5 billion in 2005, up 22% over 2004. In 2003 (the last year for which statistics are available), Canada exported $754 million in services to China. The rapid recent growth of manufacturing in China has made it an increasingly important player in global supply chains. (Franks 30) Canada was a strong supporter of China's membership in the WTO. Canada's market access agreement with China, signed in 1999, took effect in December 2001 when China joined the organization. China's accession to the WTO in December 2001, and its ongoing process of implementing WTO commitments, opens up new opportunities in trade and investment for Canadian companies, for example, in the transportation equipment, financial and business services sectors. The agreement commits China to lower tariffs for Canadian goods and increased access to Chinese markets for Canadian service providers. Several projects sponsored by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) are providing Chinese policy makers with advice on managing the transition to an open, rules based economic system. Canada and China established diplomatic relations in 1970. In October 1973, Pierre Elliott Trudeau was the first Canadian prime minister to officially visit China. This year marks the 35th anniversary of diplomatic relations. Since 1994, Canadian and Chinese ministers, Canadian provincial leaders and Chinese governors have been making several visits to each other's country every year. in September 2004 Canada and China resumed stalled negotiations in Beijing to develop a Canada-China bilateral investment treaty (also called a foreign investment protection and promotion agreement by Canadian officials),aimed to open up the investment gates and encourage direct investment in each others markets,. In January 2005, Prime Minister Martin visited China and Hong Kong, as a business delegation led by the Minister of International Trade. A joint action plan related to the Canada-China Strategic Working Group was released on that occasion. Later, in September 2005, Chinese President Hu Jin Tao visited Canada, and several agreements facilitating bilateral trade were signed. Canada's International Policy Statement, released in April 2005, recognizes China's growing global influence and articulates a new government-wide priority to broaden and deepen our engagement with China. Canada's relationship with China is evolving into a multi-faceted and increasingly interdependent partnership. Trade and investment between two countries China is Canada's second largest source of imported goods, with imports equaling $29.5 billion in 2005, more than the combined value of third and fourth place Japan and Mexico. During the

Consumer behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Consumer behavior - Essay Example There is a contrary perspective as well, which is, organization can straight way come up with marketing strategies, and then influence the consumer behaviour. That is, if the organization makes an all out ‘attack’ on the customers’ sense organs of eyes, ears and even nose, they can influence or tune the consumer’s behaviour and their buying habits. Either way, it is of paramount importance to focus on consumers’ behaviour and come up with marketing strategies, so the organization’s product or service can be made an enticing one as well as an optimally selling and successful one. In that direction, the focus will be on the British product or brand of BMW’s MINI or MINI Hatch, explaining how its marketing mix elements driven by psychological and sociological drivers has been working together to influence consumer buying behaviour, and thereby aiding it to become one of the most successful consumer products of the world. Background Mini (b randed initially as MINI, MINI Cooper and now as MINI Hatch) was originally a British automotive brand, but is now currently owned and manufactured by the German auto major, BMW Group. Due to its unique design and performance, Mini, since its launch in 1950s, became one of the most likeable and popular cars in Britain as well as throughout the world. It came under BMW’s control in 1994, when BMW purchased Minis’ then owner, Rover. However, with Rover facing massive losses at the turn of the millennium, BMW decided to sell Rover and thereby stop treating â€Å"'The English Patient†, as the struggling Rover subsidiary was nicknamed by the British Press. Even while selling off the Rover, BMW understanding the significance and potential of Mini as a brand made up its mind to hold it. They allowed Rover to sell out all the manufactured models, and when the last one was sold, the brand name 'Mini' got reverted to BMW. Under that brand name, BMW started manufacturing o f its version at Oxford plant in Cowley, United Kingdom, thereby launching what came to be one of the most successful brand plus iconic products out of UK. BMW’s MINI as an optimal PRODUCT With BMW reworking and re-branding an already successful product of Mini, it had in its hand an optimal PRODUCT, when it launched it in 2000 at the Paris Motor Show. During the launch, BMW modified the brand name as MINI Cooper, with the letters of ‘Mini’ capitalized, along the addition of the name Cooper. Both these changes were done to give it a makeover and importantly to differentiate it from the Mini was produced by Rover. This fresh avatar of MINI was unrelated to the old Mini in the technical and configuration sense, but still retained certain key, successful and iconic features like the transverse 4 cylinders, along with front-wheel-drive configuration and importantly the iconic as well as the unique "bulldog" touch. Although, they incorporated certain old features, the new MINI was an advancement or forward evolution of the old car, as many technologically advanced aspects starting from the high powered engine to various technical and non-technical aspects were featured. BMW MINI’s designer Frank Stephenson had this to say, â€Å"The MINI Cooper is not a retro design car, but an evolution of the original. It has the genes and many of the characteristics of its

How does the Novel Nineteen Eighty Four anticipate social changes Essay

How does the Novel Nineteen Eighty Four anticipate social changes after WW2 - Essay Example 3). Characterized as dystopian fiction, Nineteen Eighty-Four gives expression to the aftermath of the Second World War and the onset of the Cold War by depicting a largely â€Å"impoverished world† (Booker and Thomas 2009, p. 193). In Orwell’s world, a harsh dictatorship has risen to power following a global nuclear war that occurred during the 1950s. Put in its proper context, this abrasive regime in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four is particularly thought provoking because the novel is written when â€Å"memories of European Fascism were still fresh and anti-Stalinist rhetoric was on the rise† (Booker and Thomas 2009, p. 193). A major theme in Orwell’s novel is anti-totalitarianism. Reed and Spring (1984) maintain that Orwell wanted to demonstrate what can occur when governments are prescribed too much authority (p. 24). Ultimately, those self-empowered governments will take control to such an extent that is meant to ensure that their power is sustai ned (Reed and Spring 1984, p. 24). Orwell wastes little time introducing the extent of that power and its system of control. Through his protagonist Winston Smith who is a civil servant for the ruling dictatorship, the reader learns of the extent of the ruling dictatorship’s control. ... representative of the government’s warning that it was constantly watching and that any sign of revolt or opposition against the government would not go unchecked. Indeed it can be argued that Orwell predicted or forewarned with a reasonable degree of precision what would unfold in the future. Tinpots, as described by Wintrobe (2000) are governments that permit conventional ways of living, but uses repression and oppression in order to remain in power and â€Å"collect the fruits of monopolizing political power (p. 11). Latin American dictators typically epitomize this image of the tinpot regime (Wintrobe 2000, p. 11). In the aftermath of the Second World War, Latin American regimes have been characterized by economic growth and lulls and political instability facilitated by tumultuous outcries for democracies (Leonard 2006, p. 123). This political instability may be a direct reflection of Orwell’s forecast of totalitarian rule in Nineteen Eighty-Four. The drive to do all that is necessary to retain power by these kinds of regimes remains intricately connected to political unrest and instability. When power is centralized, maintaining power becomes a virtual struggle with the result that economic policies are not a priority. As Sloan (1984) puts it, in Latin America, policymakers are so determined to obtain legitimacy â€Å"or at least survival† that development suffers (p. 19). Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four however, forecasts Asia, rather than Latin America, as â€Å"a region dedicated to death worship and the obliteration of itself† (MacKinnon and Powell 2007, p. 86). This death knell however is not relegated to Asia alone in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four. Orwell’s novel acknowledges that the world’s three super-states, Oceania (Britain, the Americas, South

Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 37

Business Ethics - Essay Example For example, the level of pollution may vary but that does not mean that pollution is not experienced by either of the States. Differences in ethics are mainly based on professional cultures, laws, organizational culture, and human resource systems. In the United States, for instance, bribery to acquire a business is forbidden. In other countries, no business transaction can be conducted without bribery. In others, money obtained from bribery is tax deductible. In Asia giving business, gifts imply value for business relationships and convey respect. In the United States, such moves may not be necessary. Some might even consider it as a bribe to influence judgement. A code of ethics can be established for the global market through research. This will be achieved by gathering information about cultural requirements on different countries. These requirements can then be modified so that they are applicable to different business circumstances. Similarity with American code of business ethics will be professionalism such as proper communication channels. The difference will incorporate different cultural expectations. The first measure that should be taken in case an organization offends a foreign culture is to establish the nature of conflict by understanding the history of cultures. Expectations of different cultures greatly affect transactions. It is, therefore, important to understand cultural bases that define ethical behaviour. The second step requires conducting research about foreign ethical guidelines prior to getting into business. This knowledge acquired combined with good managerial skills can rectify an organization’s reputation. Finally, the offended party can be given the fundamental right to choose, and other advantages over the organization hence maintain integrity (Kent, 2014). Ethical frameworks greatly differ in the global business market hence making it difficult to distinguish practices

An interview with a Safety Manager Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

An interview with a Safety Manager - Essay Example fety and Health Policy statement should set forth the purpose and philosophy of the company, delineate the program’s goal and assign responsibility for all company personnel (Reese, 2003). Once the policy is set, responsibility to implement and supervise the same should be assigned to an individual. This in no way should relieve management from its commitment or the supervisors and employees from their responsibilities to enforce and adhere to the company’s health and safety requirements. Discipline is an integral part of implementing safety measures in a company. Employees should be strictly overseen as complying with these measures and failure of this will result in failure of the entire health and safety effort. Some companies take a further step in their discipline policy resulting in time off without pay for limited days followed by dismissal on the next offense (Reese, 2003). The first line supervisor is effectively the key to good occupational safety and health efforts. The supervisors should be held responsible for their safety performance as well as the performance of their crews. One of the most effective methods of implementing safety measures is through motivation to work in a safe manner. Data indicate that 85 to 90 percent of accident causes are likely the result of unsafe behavior. The aim should be to provide an environment where employers are induced to motivate themselves as well as their employees. Delegating more responsibilities to employees boost morale, inspiration to account one’s own behavior at the workplace, peer pressure, incentives and rewards when least expected, etc. are some methods of motivation (Reese, 2003). The Occupational Safety and Health Act have brought a restructuring of programs and activities relating to safeguarding the health of the worker. OSHA requires employers to protect their employees from workplace hazards such as machines, procedures at the workplace and harmful substances. Companies encourage employees

NATO Involvement in Libya Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

NATO Involvement in Libya - Essay Example The US and NATO applied force to save the civilians who had been subjected to a no flying zone and arms embargo by the UN Security Council. Critics have it that the US and NATO involvement in Libya crossed the borders of permission by the UN Security Council to protect the civilians against attack by Libyan forces. Some reports such as that published by the Arab Organization for Human Rights, the International Legal Assistance Consortium, and the Palestinian Centre for Human Rights indicate that NATO committed war crimes and violated human rights (Shabi 12).   However, others are on the positive side in that the mission helped in the maintenance of peace by protecting the civilians against anti- Qaddafi forces. The alliance stressed its efforts to protect the civilians despite drawing numerous criticisms. This intervention has proved the alliance to be a strong pillar in the event of ending international crises and a stable foundation worth of support. I totally disagree with the c ritics’ allegations that NATO operations led to death and destruction of property since the war was contrary to the people’s ambitions, and that the non-violent protests would have been a success the same way it was witnessed in Tunisia and Egypt. (Ivo and Stavridis par 5) Effectiveness of NATO involvement The intervention in Libya cannot be considered as war since their operations were legitimate and in compliance with war powers resolutions of the UN Security Council. According to the council, the use of force to protect citizens is legalized. In the event of highly populated areas experiencing the effects of war, there is freedom to enforce a no-flying zone and arms embargo. Also, in the process of protecting the citizens, the US forces do not engage in open fire exchange with the conflicting parties, ground troops or any other violent method in their operations. The sending of the Qaddafi family to Tunisia was an attempt by the NATO to reduce the escalating hostili ties against his family by the Libya citizens. The lack of engagement of ground troops in a hostile exchange cannot be termed as war in the realm of military operations. Qaddafi’s plan to cleanse Libya house by house was a serious issue on humanitarian grounds, which aroused the US and NATO forces to intervene and save the country from the ordeal. They pledge their loyalty to one weapon; the responsibility to act (Obama 2011). In addition, the operations in Libya cannot qualify to be termed as war considering the budget incurred at the time. The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan led to the expenditure of hundreds of billions of dollars compared to fewer than one billion dollars that was spent in the Libyan crises. According to the US Constitution, the Pentagon usually has an emergency fund of one billion for military matters that are not approved by the congress. The coalition’s attempt to help civilians overthrow Qaddafi did not employ force. It is not part of their duty t o transform a government but to protect, enhance peace and enforce a no-flying zone as noted in Obama's Speech on Libya. The operations in Libya are considered legal. The US intervention in the war was in line with the war powers resolution of allowing the president to act in the event of threat of its territories as well as protecting civilians against manslaughter. On the same note, NATO allies got involved in the operation according to its command and for those who did not have the capacity to participate materially, political support was given. Various

Respecting the Planet With Sustainable Consumption and Production Essay

Respecting the Planet With Sustainable Consumption and Production - Essay Example This strategy has been formulated in acknowledgement of the government's responsibility of "respecting the limits of the planet's environment, resources and biodiversity" and launched through the publication of Securing the Future: Delivering UK Sustainable Development Strategy (2005). There are four definite strategic priorities that the government has decided upon, namely sustainable consumption and production, climate change, natural resource protection, and sustainable communities. The way the government deals with its priorities would be a decisive factor in determining whether we are, in fact, respecting the limits of the planet's environment, resources and biodiversity. The UK government is talking of a "one planet economy" when it comes to its strategies for sustainable consumption and production. Securing the Future relates the fact that the environmental effects of increasing global consumption and production patterns are adverse to the point of severity. Moreover, trade liberalization has got to be promoted and supported internationally, along with environmental protection and sustainable development to help the developing nations of our world. ... another need expressed through the new strategy is to raise people's awareness of social and environmental issues so that all citizens and consumers would hold themselves responsible for respecting the limits of the planet's environment, resources and biodiversity.In detail, the strategy for sustainable consumption and production involves seven concerns. First, it is crucial at this point in time that we engage in the augmentation of UK and international measures to improve the environmental performance of goods and services. This includes an enhancement of product design. Second, resource efficiency must be improved with renewed commitment. Waste must be reduced in addition to harmful emissions across business sectors. The Business Resource Efficiency and Waste (BREW) program is an aid and a means to achieve our goal. Third, the government would like to influence the consumption patterns of people across the world so as to respect the limits of the planet's environment, resources an d biodiversity. This strategy includes the issue of proposals for new advice - with latest facts - for consumers. Fourth, the UK government would like new commitments on sustainable procurement in the public sector. This is to make the United Kingdom a leader within the European Union by the year 2009. Fifth, the government plans to provide as much support as required for innovation to introduce new goods, materials, and services. Sixth, the UK government would like to strengthen its partnerships with key business sectors, that is, food, environmental industries, transport, tourism, retailers, and the construction industries. Lastly, the government aims to review its waste strategy with greater stress on moderating waste at source and making use of the waste as a

Rules of Survival Essay Example for Free

Rules of Survival Essay There are many ways that make humans adapt to changes in their lives. An example of this is in Nancy Werlins novel, Rules of Survival, when Matt, Emmy, Callie all have to learn to adapt to how their mom, Nikki, is a physically and mentally abusive mother to all of her children. Matt is the one who gets most of the abuse since he is the oldest of the children. He learns to live by what Charles Darwin had once said, â€Å"Its not the strongest of the species who survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. Its the one that is most adaptable to change.† On one occasion when Nikki was having a drunken rage throughout their house Matt was able to sneak out his younger sisters to go to the corner store to get some ice pops since it was a hot summer night. As they go to pay for their ice pops they encounter a father with his young son and the father is mad at his son and is about to hit him when all of a sudden a young man, a little older than Matt, steps in front of the man and says to him instead of his son. The young man’s exact words to the son were that, â€Å"no one had the right to hurt him, no one, not even his father† (Werlin). After the man stopped and thought he calmed down and didnt hit either Murdoch, who was the young man as Matt later found out, or his son. After the encounter Matt spent many days and nights trying to find the man that was called Murdoch. It wasnt until Matt’s sister Emmy gave him a note with Murdochs address and phone number on it that Matt was able to even think about finding Murdoch and being able to talk to him. But as fate would have it just as Emmy gave Matt the paper with the information their mother Nikki walks in and takes the paper from Matt. After Nikki learns that Murdoch is a good looking man she proceeds to date Murdoch. This ends up working in the kids favor since he helps them whenever Nikki becomes out of control. After a while of dating Nikki, Murdoch finally starts to see how she really treats her children and how badly they need help in order to survive. As Murdoch starts to gain more and more access into the Walsh family he learns just how bad the situation is for the children. Matt was the one who saw how Murdoch was helping him and his little sisters and he was forever grateful  to what he did so that he and his sisters were protected from Nikkis wrath. Matt put this best in a part from his letter to Emmy, â€Å"I wonder if you really need to know exactly what happened to us—me, you, Callie—at the hands of our unpredictable, vicious mother. How we lived back then, when I was fifteen and you only seven, all of full of fear. All then full of hope when we met Murdoch, the man who seemed to be showing us an easier future. What Murdoch did and what he couldnt do. What you and I did. Part of me hopes that youll go along happily your whole life and never want to know the details.† (Werlin). Matt had always tried to shade his sisters from what their mom was capable of doing, and when Murdoch came along his job was made a little easier which is why his sisters may not have seen some of the things that Nikki did. In the end Matt was able to do what he had hoped to do and that was to protect his sisters from Nikkis wrath. But alongside this she is now gone and they no longer have to fear for their lives. Matt is living with his aunt and the girls are with his father and Murdoch. They learned to live with Nikki no matter the situation she put them in. This just goes to prove Charles Darwin’s saying â€Å"It’s not the strongest of the species who survives, nor the most intelligent that survives. Its the one that is most adaptable to change.†

Synthesis of Chloropentaamminecobalt (iii) Chloride

Synthesis of Chloropentaamminecobalt (iii) Chloride Introduction Cobalt was discovered by Georg Brandt in 1735 interestingly the name Cobalt originates form the German word Kobald which means goblin or evil spirit. The original use of cobalt was value to early civilisation of Egypt for colouring glass blue. Alfred Werner was a pioneer in coordination Chemistry determined the isomer cobalt (III) hexamine chloride. Experimental Ammonium chloride (1.306g) was dissolved in concentrate ammonia solution (10.5cm3) forming a colourless solution. Colablt(II)chloride hexahydrate (2.494g) was added in small portions with t stirring producing a muddy liquid with a dark precipitate. 27% Hydrogen peroxide (2.25cm3) was added using a dropping pipette with constant stirring. A small amount of heat and effervescence (bubbling) was visible. Once the reaction has stopped and a dark red solution was formed to which Concentrate Hydrochloric acid (10cm3) was added very slowly with constant stirring. A large amount of heat was released and a white gas was given off forming a dark pink solution. This solution was heated for 18mins before being cooled in ice forming dark pink precipitate. The solution was filtered and washed with dilute hydrochloric acid (5cm3) ethanol (5cm3) and acetone (5.5cm3). Once dry the crystals (1.447g %) were transferred to an open sample vial and dried in a desiccator for a week. A portion of this product (g) was dissolved in Dilute ammonia (10cm3), water (40cm3) was added. The solution was heated (15 mins) forming a clear red solution. Concentrate Hydrochloric acid ( 10cm3) was added followed by Ammonium chloride (1.00g) forming a orange solution. The resulting solution was heated for a further 25mins. COLOURS . Solution was cooled in ice and the product filtered off and washed with hydrochloric acid (5cm3) ethanol (5cm3) and acetone (5.5cm3). Forming 0.g %) Ammonium chloride(5.02g), Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate(1.396g) and Sodium Iodide (0.192g) were dissolved Water (10cm3) producing a deep pink purple colour. Powdered iodine (0.718g) was added forming a colour. Concentrate Ammonia (5.2cm3) was added with stirring forming a light muddy brown grey then turned greyer on after a further 30mins of stirring. The resulting solution was left to stand for 1 min and then the liquid was decanted off, water (20cm3) was added and decanted off and then Ethanol (20cm3). The resulting precipitate was dried under suction with further Ethanol washings (15cm3) producing (1.404g %) Ammonium Chloride (1.0g) was dissolved in Boling water (3.5cm3). Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate (1.548g) was added producing a deep royal blue solution. Charcoal (?0.75g) was added turning the solution grey black. The solution was cooled in an ice bath to 5oC and Concentrate Ammonia (4.5cm3) was added in small portions over 3 mins. Hydrogen peroxide (23% vol) (4cm3) was added in portions over 5 mins. The solution was then heated to 60oC for 1 min. The solution was re cooled to 3oC in an ice bath. The black oily precipitate was filtered under suction before being added to Boiling water (12cm3). Concentrate Hydrochloric acid (0.5cm3) was added and then the solution filtered. Concentrate Hydrochloric acid (2cm3) was added to the filtrate (liquid) and the solution cooled in ice. The resulting orange precipitate was filtered and washed with acetone (10cm3) producing (0.444g %) Results and discussion Equations ΔM= Molar Conductivity (S m2 mol L-1) = Measured conductivity (units S m-1) c = Concentration (units mol m3) A mol L-1 = A x100 mol m3 A  µS cm-1= (A /10000) S m-1 n=M/Mr n= Moles M= Mass (units grams) Mr = Molecular weight n= C x V n = moles C = Concentration (units mol L-1) V= Volume (L) 100cm3= 0.1L Preparation of Chloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloride Ammonium chloride +Ammonia+ Cobalt (II) chloride hexahydrate à   Chloropentaamminecobalt (III) chloride NH4Cl + CoCl2.6H2O + NH3 à   [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 Calculation of Concentration of Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) chloride in 100cm3 volumetric flask n=M/Mr M= 0.1100g Mr Chloropentaaminecobalt(III) chloride = 267.4762 n = 0.1100/267.4762 n= 4.112543110-4 n=CV 4.1125431 x10-4= C x 0.1 C= 4.1125 x10-3mol L-1 à   0.41125 mol m3 Conductivity = 1286 µS à   0.1286 S m-1 S m2 mol L-1 Preparation of iodopentaaminecobalt(III) chloride Iodine + Cobalt(II) Chloride hexahydrate + Ammonia+ Ammonium chloride à  Iodopenaaminecobalt(III) chloride I2 + CoCl2.6H2O + NH4Cl + NH3 à   [Co(NH3)5I]Cl2 n=M/Mr M= 0.0934g Mr iodopentaaminecobalt(III) chloride = 341.90 n = 0.0934/341.90 n= 2.73179 x10-4 n=CV 2.7317910-4= C x 0.1 C= 2.7317929 x10-3mol L-1 à   0.27317929 mol m3 Conductivity = 1137 µS à   0.1137 S m-1 S m2 mol L-1 Preparation of hexaaminecobalt(III) chloride Ammonium chloride + Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate +Ammoniaà   Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride. NH4Cl + CoCl2.6H2O+ NH3 à   Co(NH3)6]Cl3 n=M/Mr M= 0.1010g Mr Hexaamminecobalt(III) chloride =267.4762 n = 0.1010/267.4762 n= 3.776036896 x10-4 n=CV 3.776036896 x10-4= C x 0.1 C= 3.776036896 x10-3mol L-1 à   0.3776036896 mol m3 Conductivity = 1720 µS à   0.1720 S m-1 S m2 mol L-1

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Abortion on Women Essay

Physiological and Psychological Effects of Abortion on Women    1.0 Introduction  Ã‚   There are many arguments surrounding the abortion debate. An issue dealing with abortion that has not been explored very thoroughly is the issue of Post-Abortion-Syndrome. This paper will examine the psychological and physiological effects of abortion, on the women who had them, later in life. This paper dealing with abortion will not explore either side of the abortion debate because to do so would introduce biases. This paper will examine physical complications and problems resulting from abortions. This paper will also examine this mystery of Post Abortion Syndrome and outline the symptoms, causes, criteria and treatments, for the disorder itself. In a recent study in Buffalo more than 400 women were poled two years after they had an abortion, and it was found that only seven out of ten were glad for their decision, 12% were unsure, and 19% regretted it. (Western Report 1998, 29) In the past there has been debate as to the mere existence of Post-Abortion-Stress disorder, this paper will dispel that confusion. 2.0 Review of Literature 2.1 psychological Effects of Abortion It has been discovered that there are many emotional aspects that can effect the psychological well being of women who undergo an abortion. These emotions include guilty feelings, anxiety, depression, loss, anger, and even suicide. Clinical research has found that when women are in trusting, sharing relationships, they report deep seated feelings of exploitation over their abortion experience. (Alliance Action Inc 1993, 1) A woman reports, "I was unprepared for the maze of emotions that hit me after I had the procedure. Instead of feeling relieved, I w... ...t, 12/01/98: 25 7. M.Rue, Vincint. Post Abortion Syndrone; Diagnostic Criteria, 1989 8. Michelle C. "Don't Make My Mistakes". She's a Child, 1996 9. The National Office of Post-Abortion Reconciliation and Healing Impact of Abortion on the Family; IRLF Newsletter, 1993 10. Ranalli, Paul. "Abortion and Breast Cancer:Why dismiss the link?". 11. The Globe and Mail, April 1, 1996    Outline 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Review of Literature 2.1 Psychological Effects of Abortion 2.1.1 Symptoms of Post Abortion Syndrome 2.1.2 Causes of Post Abortion Syndrome 2.1.3 Diagnostic Criteria for Post Abortion Syndrome 2.1.4 Treatments for Post Abortive Stress Disorder 2.2 Physiological Effects of Abortion 2.2.1 Miscarriages 2.2.2 Infertility/Ectopic Pregnancies 2.2.3 Breast Cancer 2.3 Conclusion

Motivational Plan Essay -- GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Motivational Plan To-A-Tee Screen-Printing is a local t-shirt manufacturing company located here, in Las Vegas, Nevada. This organization provides t-shirt, sweatshirt, and sports hat solutions primarily to retail businesses. The Auto Grill Corporation recently sold the To-A-Tee print shop to a local sole proprietor. Previously, the print shops’ directives were handed down from the corporate office such as how much profit they had to budget for, the types of designs and styles offered by To-A-Tee, and the company policies and procedures that were written for their main locations, retail shops. In addition, the corporate office utilized the print shop for production for its own retail shops rather than endeavoring to clients outside the company. With the purchase of To-A-Tee, the new owner has the responsibility of improving the business by pursuing ideas, technologies, and procedures that were missed while belonging to the larger retail chain. This print shop was a very small entity of a very large corporation and its profitability did not warrant the requisition of expensive equipment for the new technologies in screen-printing. To-A-Tee has a diverse workforce who offers a wealth of experience that they bring from other shops, vendor trade shows, and seminars that they have either worked for or attended. Unfortunately, these employees have not been allowed to implement the knowledge and skills they bring because of the strict nature of the corporation’s directives. Generally, these employees are unhappy because the shop never got the attention it deserved from the large corporation. With this in mind, the new owner and manager must implement a motivational plan to build the employee morale to improve the business of the shop. The first step in this plan is to be a leader to these people rather than having them report to a manager. Providing leadership to the company plays an important role in motivating the employees to provide higher levels of production. Although this is one of the most important impacting factors, it will be the hardest to implement. The new managers role is to show optimism and determination. Implementing these traits in the managers everyday business will show that the manager herself is willing to work hard to achieve the final goals. The manager must â€Å"walk and talk† these traits so that she is believable... ...s. Each department has a lot to offer in order to reduce costs and increase productivity. Moreover, establish groups to increase efficiencies even further. A measurement of the success of the business is the number of shirts that are printed in an hour. For a start, the obvious goal here is to not have to change out jobs as often. Each job requires new screens to be set-up and new ink prepared for the colors of the new design. This can lead to the sales force creating a strategy to go after the large accounts; for example, Casinos that sell or use a high volume of shirts in their gift shops. The key to creating and keeping momentum from the employees is good leadership. If the new manager consistently exhibits the characteristics essential to a great leader, the employees will begin to trust the leadership and will strive to provide support to this leadership. The new manager must not demonstrate fear or hesitation in decisions to avoid failure or to keep from making mistakes. It is important that once the plan is completely established and implemented, that the leader stay focused on providing the energy, ideas and idea generation, responsiveness, control, and success.

blurred lines Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blurred Lines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today we live in a world that keeps us on the run. There is a way to get in contact with anyone at any given time. There is no such thing as ‘getting away’ because we have created a society of people that want to be found. But it is also through this technology, the same one that keeps us connected to the outside world, that we can get lost. The simplest video game can help a person escape into a different reality, spending hours on end in front of a computer screen, looking for nothing in particular on e-bay. This gets us lost. We engulf ourselves in things that have nothing to do with our daily lives because we’ve had enough, our life is too much to handle. So we focus on AIM, or video games, anything that can take us out of our life, and into something better. But then where do we draw the line? When does it become okay to spend an entire day on the computer because life was too stressful? Or, still worst, when the life we lead to get away, becomes our daily life. We lie about our lives and retell occurrences that really did not take place. Things that happened on our mental breaks become reality. These lies then have to proceed and grow, because we don’t want to be exposed. That cannot happen because that would add more stress, but what we don’t realize is that by perpetuating the lies we become more and more stressed. The exact reason we needed to get away has come back full circle. In the play Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? the line between truth and illusion has very nearly disappeared. No longer does the reader know when the character is telling the truth or embellishing a lie. Even still is the character himself is being honest to his personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George and Martha have a very tumultuous marriage. In some respects it is obvious that there is some deep rooted love. The simple fact that they have been married for twenty three years shows that although they are high spirited, there is love. What does not match up very w... ...mans, it is in our nature to find an easy solution for a problem. In many cases it is a means of escaping, and finding something better. For these four characters, the illusions they used to get out of the stresses of normal life, become their lives. Instead of dealing with issues with their spouses and getting what they want in life they blur themselves to reality. It becomes a question of when is reality too much to handle? For these characters reality was too much to handle the minute they got scared. The second the future was in jeopardy, or their reputation was on the line. This is not unlike society today. People are desperate for approval and will seek this by any means. Without approval from others we cease to exist or be content. And for many contentment is also something that must be achieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But for these four characters contentment only came at the expense of others. Their happiness depended on the illusions they concocted. These illusions, the ones that used to just help them escape reality and be happy became their reality. The lies became truths and the truths were no longer evident. Their realities were too much for anyone to handle. blurred lines Essay -- essays research papers   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Blurred Lines   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Today we live in a world that keeps us on the run. There is a way to get in contact with anyone at any given time. There is no such thing as ‘getting away’ because we have created a society of people that want to be found. But it is also through this technology, the same one that keeps us connected to the outside world, that we can get lost. The simplest video game can help a person escape into a different reality, spending hours on end in front of a computer screen, looking for nothing in particular on e-bay. This gets us lost. We engulf ourselves in things that have nothing to do with our daily lives because we’ve had enough, our life is too much to handle. So we focus on AIM, or video games, anything that can take us out of our life, and into something better. But then where do we draw the line? When does it become okay to spend an entire day on the computer because life was too stressful? Or, still worst, when the life we lead to get away, becomes our daily life. We lie about our lives and retell occurrences that really did not take place. Things that happened on our mental breaks become reality. These lies then have to proceed and grow, because we don’t want to be exposed. That cannot happen because that would add more stress, but what we don’t realize is that by perpetuating the lies we become more and more stressed. The exact reason we needed to get away has come back full circle. In the play Who’s Afraid of Virginia Woolf? the line between truth and illusion has very nearly disappeared. No longer does the reader know when the character is telling the truth or embellishing a lie. Even still is the character himself is being honest to his personality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  George and Martha have a very tumultuous marriage. In some respects it is obvious that there is some deep rooted love. The simple fact that they have been married for twenty three years shows that although they are high spirited, there is love. What does not match up very w... ...mans, it is in our nature to find an easy solution for a problem. In many cases it is a means of escaping, and finding something better. For these four characters, the illusions they used to get out of the stresses of normal life, become their lives. Instead of dealing with issues with their spouses and getting what they want in life they blur themselves to reality. It becomes a question of when is reality too much to handle? For these characters reality was too much to handle the minute they got scared. The second the future was in jeopardy, or their reputation was on the line. This is not unlike society today. People are desperate for approval and will seek this by any means. Without approval from others we cease to exist or be content. And for many contentment is also something that must be achieved.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But for these four characters contentment only came at the expense of others. Their happiness depended on the illusions they concocted. These illusions, the ones that used to just help them escape reality and be happy became their reality. The lies became truths and the truths were no longer evident. Their realities were too much for anyone to handle.

A multicultural counselor Essay

It is crucial that a multicultural counselor have ample strategies in order to be effective in multicultural counseling. This is because the counselor handles clients who have diverse cultures and, therefore, need to be adaptive to the various cultural values and beliefs of the client. In order, for a multicultural counselor to be effective, it is vital that the counselor should first understand his or her own culture. This understanding of own culture comprises being aware of one own life philosophies, being able to recognize the different structures involved in reasoning and also being aware of how the understanding effect ones communication and also the style one uses to assist the client. Lack of this understanding may make the counseling process ineffective. Self-awareness helps the counselor identify specific cultural values and the influence they may have in the counseling process. This helps the multicultural counselor be able to counter the effects that the values may pose to the counseling intervention. It is also necessary that multicultural counselor prevent adhering to a specific counseling theory during the counseling process. This is because many cultural groups do not share the type of values, which are implied by the counseling methods (Gielen, Draguns & Fish, 2008). The various values usually do not share the same expectations for the conduct or the outcome of the counseling session of the counselor. This calls for a need for the counselor carry out an investigation about their clients cultural background, be open and flexible to the definitions of the appropriate of the correct behaviors according to the cultural values of the client. It is also beneficial for the multicultural counselor to have an understanding of many languages. This is because language barriers act as a hindrance to effective multicultural counseling. As a result, of the language barrier, the client and the counselor may not understand each other well making the client unable to express the complexity in their thoughts and their feelings. This may also make the counselor feel frustrated due to lack of bilingual ability. Language barriers also lead the counselor to offer the wrong diagnosis (Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2009). Multicultural counselor should acknowledge cultural diversity he or she should appreciate the value of different cultures and use it in assisting the client. The counselor should not have any cultural bias or carry cultural stereotypes into the counseling process. He or she is supposed to understand that all cultural values are the same, and they should be respected. Respect of cultural diversity plays a great part in enhancing the effectiveness of multicultural counseling. This also calls for the multicultural counselor to have humility and modesty. (Gielen, Draguns & Fish, 2008). It is also essential that a multicultural counselor should have social conflict resolution strategies in order to carry out an effective counseling. This helps the counselor to be able to help the client to solve the problems he or she may be experiencing within himself and the conflict that may be existing between him or her and the community. It is also important that multicultural counselor take a pluralistic view in the counseling process. This is where the counselor puts into consideration all aspects of the client’s personal history, social and cultural orientation. (Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development, 2009). Therefore, it is important that multicultural counselors avoid culture stereotypes and false expectation. This is done by understanding their clients’ background and finding the most appropriate strategies to employ in the counseling process. The strategies should suit the needs of the client. The counselor should be sensitive the cultural values of the client. Reference Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development (AMCD), (2009) Journal of Multicultural Counseling, Birmingham, England, retrieved www. multiculturalcenter. org/jmcd/ on 8 April 2010. Gielen, U. Draguns, J. & Fish, J. (2008) Principles of multicultural counseling and therapy, New York, Brunner-Routledge, retrieved from http://www. netLibrary. com/urlapi. asp? action=summary&v=1&bookid=233302 on 8 April 2010.

Hip Mask Representing An Iyoba Essay

The sharpness of the material and the sophistication of the carving indicate that it was created by the undivided guild of royal ivory carvers for the power. This exquisite valet is made out of ivory, iron and cooper. This piece as well as contains pieces of inlaid admixture and elaborate coral carvings. The piece dimensions be as followed H. 9 3/8 x W. 5 x D. 3 1/4 in. (23. 8 x 12. 7 x 8. 3 cm). The conceal is a sensitive human reckon portrait, depicting its subject with softly simulate features.This piece is framed with an elegant tiara-like fructify and openwork collar. The pupils were inlaid with iron metal, the fore mental capacity has carven scarification marks and also she is wearing bands of coral beads below the chin. In the necklace you bottom see miniature motifs that represent clearances of the Portuguese soldiers depicted with beards and flowing hair. In the crownwork tiara-like coiffure are carved more(prenominal) Portuguese heads alternated with figur es of stylized mudfish, which represents Olokun, the Lord of the capital Waters.You can see that some of the necklace heap is damage or missing and this could be due to the age and fragility of the coral. This piece is from early African art also known as Queen get down Pendant Mask Iyoba. Today, you can make this piece at the Metropolitan Museum of craft in New York. Although images of women are very rare this piece has come to tokenize the legacy of a dynasty that continues to the present day. In many of the African cultures the head is a very important, powerful and symbolic piece.The head was consider to be the symbolic common snapping turtle of a per word of honors intelligence, wisdom, and capacity to succeed in this world and/or to be a tool to be able to communicate with spiritual forces in the ancestral world. In Art of History, produce in 2011, both Professor Marilyn Stokstad and Michael W. Cothren seize that one of the honorifics used for the king is the broa d Head. The head leads the body as the king leads the people. All of the memorial heads embarrass representation of coral-beaded caps, necklaces and royal costume.Coral, enclosing the head and displayed on the body, is still the ultimate symbol of the obas power and authority. In an bind titled Iyoba Idia The Hidden Oba Of Benin published in 2006, issue 9 of Jenda A daybook Of Culture And African Women Studies Nkiru Nzegwu wrote Iron and bulls eye inserts were embedded in these cavities in the accredited model and formed part of the decoration. just about have claimed that these cavities were receptacles for embedded magical potions, and on that point is a historical ex programmeation for them.The striations were the way out of incisions a local doctor-diviner made to mar Idia and render her unattractive to Oba Ozolua. As narrated by the present Oba Erediauwa, Idias parents did not longing her to become an Obas wife, and the oracle they consulted talk over that they mar her beauty to make her fugly to the Oba (Kaplan 1993, 59). The two incisions not only blemish her face but, to make assurance range of a function sure, they also contained potent medicinal potions which the consulting physician-diviner had sure them would repel Oba Ozolua.The royal explanation is that the plan failed because the Oba sensed that something was wrong before he even saw Idia and quickly neutralized the effects of the medicine. This is a pendant or ornament mask that represents an iyoba (queen mother-the obas mother), the superior female member of the royal court. Its believed that this piece was produced in the early ordinal century for the King or Oba Esigie, the king of Benin, who ruled from 1504 to 1550. This piece is to honor his mother, Idia. in that location are different versions of the purpose of this piece. The to the highest degree common ones is that this was used a as belt ornament and it was worn out at the obas hip. The Oba may have worn it at ri tes commemorating his mother, although today such(prenominal) pendants are worn at one-year ceremonies of spiritual renewal and purification. Esigie had the support of Ida and the Portuguese soldiers in the expansion of his kingdom. Ida is remembered for raising an the States and using magical powers to help her son Esigie to defeat his enemies.

Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

The historied Dr. Jekyll and Mr Hyde was written by Robert Louis Stevenson and has re master(prenominal)ed popular ever since its offspring in 1886. Robert was born in 1850 and was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He was brought up a calvalist, however followed the gypsy life style. He married Mrs. Fanny Osbourne in 1880 and supported Priest Dameor who c ard for the lepers.Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is a rich bosh of the duality of mankind and how we atomic number 18 in unattackableheartedness creatures created for obedient, however in either(a) of us in that location is the percolated to do bad. The righteous of the layer is an old biblical one that many Christians enumerate daily in prayerLead us not into temptation, save deliver us from wretched. This might be one of the reasons Stevenson wrote this nurse Jekyll lives a double life of propriety and shame, imprisoned by the moral demands of niminy-piminy gild, and so did Stevenson. He as tumefy was surrounded by upright, religious and rigid citizens. He was even pressured into studying law at Edinburgh University.This book was written as a plague layer. We cut this because of the vistas and plot. Stevenson wrote the book at the eon of many murders in the east of capital of the United Kingdom and the complete ignoring of sociable set and heartless whole kit committed by Mr Hyde ar to upliftedy in synch with Jack the Ripper and Sherlock Holmes. Mr Hyde represents the circumstantial opposite of what dainty gentlemen should act and the savageness of his actions is what do the book so scary back then.The fib takes place in London during the nineteenth century. The substitution mood of the novel is one of brain-teaser and d represent. Stevenson creates shadower settings to create a mood of anticipation and mystery. E.g. He was aw ar of an odd, well-fixed. Mr Hyde that comes kayoed in the stern, foggy night, which subsequently makes the referee suspect principally sinister intentions and automatically informs the contri thator that on that point is an expected value of trouble and some function threatening, as the dark brings ominous expressionings and terror to the orderer.Stevenson changes the weather from uninterrupted night to more(prenominal) dark and foggy so that it is almost impossible to analyze clearly, therefore emphasising the situation by the fog, there is something out of sight and surreptitious lurking some which makes the lector life anxious. withal, he makes the caliber more evil looking in the dark e.g. In the darkness of the night he gave an intuitive feeling deformity without any namable malformation. This makes the reader picture a horrific creature that makes them feel defenceless and exposed.Stevenson describes the fog being broken up as a haggard shaft. This weakens the palpate of destructiveness and violence. Also the quote swirling wreaths gives the sense of death as wreaths is what is placed on-top of a coffin. Fina lly Stevenson describes the gloomy avenues as mournful re- invasion of darkness which gives the sense of decompose and obscurity. All these quotes in addition make the reader feel uneasy and apprehensive.The quotes It intoxicatems she was romantically given and London from all around very silent gives an eerie burden and provides a somewhat peaceful response. These quotes atomic number 18 in addition examples of emotive language, because they give the reader an emotional response.A certain sinister block and tramps slouched argon two examples of tropical language which gives the reader a little picture of what is in the setting. The quote tramps slouched gives us an sharp-worded image of what reality was really like for the poor, making the reader feel uncomfortable as well as sympathetic.As addition to Stevenson using figurative and emotive language, he also uses a con berth of meatrable range of verbs like ragged and dingy which helps the reader to get a detailed pict ure of the risk and filthiness in which they lived through and through, and adjectives like ragged children cluster, which illustrates the fear and torment which even children went through.The quotes low utter of London and city in a incubus, all give off the impression that the passs of London at the time were grimy, dangerous, dingy and simply frighten places to live. Also the word growl, an example of personification, gives a sense that there is a savage, ruthless and a ferocious monster prowling active London. Finally the metaphor, light of some impertinent conflagration, gives a role hell which makes the reader feel uncomfortable.Even though there are many quotes referring to the struggles of Victorian society, there are on the other hand some(prenominal) quotes which describe the other side of Victorian society which was entirely different. For example, bachelor house, close by the fire and gratefully to bed, all give off a cosy, warm, safe and welcoming impression. So yet again we have another seam of the rich, warm, safe Victorian residence to the poor, insecure and chiefly tough Victorian slums. This shows that if you were rich you could use the mightiness whatever way you like, however if you were poor, you were trapped in a world of poerty and in a sense of revulsion. in that respect are three primary(prenominal) characters in the novel, Dr Henry Jekyll, Edward Hyde and Mr Utterson.Dr. Henry Jekyll is a orotund halfway- aged doctor and throughout the novel he is physically draw as both everyplaceblown and handsome. He is also extremely blind drunk and by all who him, he is described as well respected and proper. For example, Stevenson describes Jekyll as a entertainer and a person k nowadaysn for charities which gives the impression that Jekyll is a warm, pleasant, middle class gentleman.In the book, his voice is unaccompanied compreh decease in the concluding chapter (Henry Jekylls full story of the case), only after being de scribed through the lens of Utterson, Lanyon, Poole and Enfield.The doctors belief that within each Human- being exists two countering forces, life-threatening and evil, fly the coops to his experiments to render to separate the two. This however, was not done merely for scientific reasons, but also because he enjoyed escaping the confines of the beneficial guise of Dr. Jekyll. The quote which illustrates this is The transformation was succeeded by a sense of joy. This also suggests that multitude didnt know what was right and what was wrong and would do and want questions later.Also in the book he is described as less distinguished for religion, which suggests he too questioned Christianity like many other people of his time. For example, Darwin challenged religion as he came up with the scheme that we evolved from monkeys which would mean the world wasnt make is 7 days. Edward Hyde is a small, deformed, marked-up youthfulness man (much younger than Dr Jekyll) that is de void of an apparent profession. Also the quote deformed illustrates that some Victorians disliked and spurned disabled people. Stevenson describes Hyde as callous and violent and a murderous mixture of timidly and boldness, which gives the impression Hyde is a fierce, ruthless, brutal monster.Despite the many descriptions of the aversion that Edward Hyde invokes (by Lanyon, Utterson and Enfield), we are never told in detail barely why or what features are so disgusting to observers, which emphasises the fact the novel was made in the time where phrenology (judging somebody by their appearance) was the key to knowing if someone was substantially or evil.Hyde is also ofttimes compared to animals e.g. speak, implying that he is not a fully evolved Human- Being. other factor which suggests he is compared to animals is the fact he only menaces society at night e.g. trampling a girl in the street and murdering Sir Danvers Carew, which relates him to rodents and other nocturnal anima ls. Finally the quote the man seems hardly clement, illustrates the fact Hyde is not a whole and has something deficient. Good.Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and is described as tall and loveable. He is a middle- aged lawyer plus someone that all the characters confide in throughout the novel.As an old friend of Jekyll, he recognises the changes and strange occurrences that centre around both Jekyll and Hyde. Stevenson describes Utterson as a reliable and Modest man which suggests he is perhaps the most circumspect and respected character in the book therefore, it is signifi after partt that we view the crimes of Hyde through his observant frame. However, when Utterson discovers Hydes body in a red cabinet, instead of reporting it to the police he precedes in reading a letter communicate to him, which suggests he is more interested in his social status than solving the mystery.The quotes his friendship seemed to be founded in a similar catholicity of a good nature and hi s friends were those of his own blood or those who he had seen the longest, illustrates the fact he is insular, biased and narrow-minded. cognise this makes the reader question if the story is told accurately and truthfully.The thing I noticed to the highest degree this novel is that all the women are either victims or wetnurses. E.g. the girl who got trampled on, the maid who witnessed the murder of Sir Danvers Carew and the house maid. This suggests that the middle class Victorian society were very sexist. However, if a Victorian was to read a modern day horror story, they would in all probability come up with the same conclusion, as the absolute majority of victims in right aways horror stories are women.The strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde is typical of the horror literary genre as it has many factors in which we would expect to see in a horror story today. For example, the story is principal(prenominal)ly set at night, there are victims and most importantly the evi l character is penalise at the end of the novel.Mr Utterson is the narrator of the book and we are told the story through his eyes and told as though its true. This contributes to the element of scruple as we only know what Utterson knows. Suspense is also built up as Stevenson writes as if there is a closing explanation as to whom the mystery figure is but doesnt let on and instead lets the suspense build. He occasionally allows a small cadence of information out respectable to whet the appetites and concord up an atmosphere of mystery and confusion. For example, at the end of chapter five (Incident of the letter), Utterson asserts Henry Jekyll forge for a murderer. Not only does this make you wonder who the murderer is, but it also makes the reader want to read on. This atmosphere, one of controlled suspense, gradual building up of a sense of horror and destruction is achieved through a slow accumulation of unemotional detail, as this leaves the reader wondering what the characters are like and what they might do.I reckon horror stories today do muted follow a similar pattern, in the fact people who do bad deeds are usually punished, they are packed with suspense and often include someone trying to solve the mystery or catch the villain or monster, which in our case is Mr Utterson. However, the major difference in more radical-made examples of the genre is the tendency to locate the inconclusive squarely within the normal, preferably than presenting it as a threatening creature, such as Mr Hyde and Frankenstein, all made by individuals.Alfred Hitchcock had in fact changed this direction of the horror genre in 1960 with Psycho the movie not only presented its most frightening moment, the shower murder, it also suggested that horror resides in everyday life rather than in alternative worlds of the supernatural or the gothic. Finally, the recent so called slice and dice films, such as Halloween, and living dead movies such as the night of the li ving dead are demonstrations of how contemporary limited effects technology whoremaster depict more and more gruesome and imaginative dismemberment and mutilation usually at the expense of character, plot and root word. Even though these are all films, we behind still see how there is a greater bank for horror stories which are related to everyday occurrences or objects.In Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde, Robert Louis Stevenson illustrates the annihilative effects of meddling with beau ideals public and how our negative and evil desires and urges can overtake our current selves until we lose touch of who we once represented. Furthermore, Dr Jekylls desire and habituation to temporarily alter his existence results last in his deadly demise.Jekyll and Hyde demonstrates how innocent curiosity some the darker sides of our nature can soon get out of hand and how evil is compulsive and how evil can so easily take control of the good. Stevenson has employ Jekyll and Hyde to show that e veryone has good and evil inside them. He portrays this very well by using the setting to portray good and evil e.g. dingy street and a grand residence. He also makes a very important point which is relevant today as it was in the nineteenth century. This is that bottled antisocialable behaviour can lead to sudden violent outpourings, such as seen in Hydes murder of Sir Danvers Carew.In Victorian society no one questioned God so the idea of something happening which isnt controlled by God would be unusual. Also electricity had only just been invented so people were quite wary about the things science could do.I think the main theme in the book is duality and how London is give into good and evil, rich and poor, scientific fact and experimenting new ideas. The final point I wish to key out is how they kept secrets. On the outside people were warm and inviting, however inside, people kept intimate secrets, such as dealing with drugs, alcohol and prostitution. I believe this was prob ably due to the fact there wasnt much pleasure in this type of life.There are many morals included in Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde however there are two main morals which stand out, one tasteful fore moral and a more complex moral. The straight forward moral is that if you do bad deeds you will be punished and also how addiction can lead to violence and how violence can lead to murder. The more complex moral, however is about the appeal of being Mr Hyde. Because Mr Hyde is described and talked about so much, he is probably the most interesting and raise character in the book, which turns the straight forward moral on its head and makes Hyde the most large-hearted character in the novel.I believe the relevance of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde has changed considerably over the last hundred years. The main difference is that the Victorians saw this book religiously, however now when we read this book we think its about personal weakness and how addiction can lead to evil. A Victorian also would nt see the relevance of drugs and alcohol in this book, nor would they understand the relevance of addiction and what effect it has.Some may say that as worlds, we wear masks. Not real masks, but masks that cover up our true personality presentation our good side around our friends and our bad side around our family. These are great examples of mans fight in duality our good side is always competing against our evil side, resulting in our duality, our fight over good verses evil. In this story, Doctor Jekyll is a regular scientist with the same feelings as every other human being Mr. Hyde is a manifestation of Doctor Jekylls evil side and as a result, he is able to commit murder without any guilt. In the end, the evil manifestation won, taking completely over the Doctors body. The fight between good and evil is overFinally, I believe the strange case of Dr Jekyll and Mr. Hyde is about how Dr Jekyll struggles to decide either to do the right thing and be a good citizen, or to do th e thing Dr Jekyll desires the most and to be Mr. Hyde which he knows is wrong.

Contemporary Online Remix Culture Essay

coeval online remix nuance continues the semi governmental and esthetic praxiss associated with hip-hop. Discuss. For centuries artists see copied the master whole kit of the past, they render borrowed from their multiplication and from usual nicety. annexation and remix methods tidy sum be represent deep dget the entertainment, medicament and brass industries, texts and ideas, and break down to some all initiate of our culture. In at presents digital orbit remix has fail a widespread phenomenon with great internalisation of borrowed mental vision and unspoilt into artistic practice.This military action of winning samples from exist tempts and unite them into pertly-fashioned crop plays a alert fibre in order of magnitude and raises questions some right of first publication laws which go for a motion reverberation to this persuasion that we pattern on the work of others (Navas 2009). belt techniques of take and manipulating pre-exist ing plant life to clear new corporeal and its own nub rouse be seen to mirror present-day(a) online remix practices. This study ordain cerebrate on how modern-day online remix culture continues the semipolitical and aesthetic practices associated with hip-hop. by from spirit at the certain practice of sampling this sample allow insure how hip-hop was a dash for the un perceive and underrepresented pile to make their voices heard and picture hopes and frustrations of a community. Furthermore, this screen ordain look at how hip-hop continues to form political discussion and how this too has been taken up by online remix culture. Finally, it result go steady issues touch procure issues of medicament and imagery in at onces digital world.

Four Rightly Guided Caliphs Essay

Muhammads missionary post, desire galore(postnominal) separate prophets, was to crab commonwealth to the idolize and leniency of the whiz unbowed divinity fudge. later on his depotination this mission was left over(p) to those whom followed his teachings. Those who sincerely followed in the oracles hoof step were proclaimed The right head khalifahs. They were Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali, and were the quadrupletsome justifiedly channelize califs, e re in all in ally(prenominal) told of which were amongst the earlier and ambient companions of the prophet Muhammad. to each iodin of these califs contri exactlyed greatly to the admit guidege of Islam as rise up as the unlike kayoedcome of the Sunni and Shiite schism.Abu Bakr was the start of the four Caliphs and govern from 632-634 A. C. Abu Bakr was hapless to pee-pee the hindrance of blow overinging lay on him during the closely stark naked of Moslem sequences. Since the s illumi nateping point of Muhammad was right a centering pass bug outing, numerous Moslems and kinship groups unconquerable to rebel, refusing to pay up Zakat. Also, some claimed that the prophethood of Muhammad had been displace on them, this provided declare the familys snub steadfaster. He had to sens with the holy terror of dickens decent empires, the papistic imperium and the Persian, of which be Islamic ground in Medina.Abu Bakr himself conduct a beef against the tag-up tribes who attacked Medina and oblige them to retreat. Although the menace of the roman type ground forces nevertheless hang ined, Muhammad had already direct out an array and when he died, Abu Bakr excessivelyk over. With raging object he state I sh tot tout ensembley transfer Usamas regular forces on its way as uni fashion by the vaticinator, nevertheless if I am left al champion. end-to-end the control of Abu Bakr, soldiery went from one success to opposite from ass ail Romans. other character of the Caliph was that he advance m whatsoever of Muhammads friends to chip in his teachings to memory.Memories every(prenominal) of which were write downhearted to form the Quran. every patronize(predicate)(a) together without his drawing cardship the mess of Islamic judgment of conviction would contrive bygone riot. He eacheviateed pertain stableness to the Islamic muckle. On top of this, he contri thoed to the paternity of the Quran and the retention of the throng rough-and-ready with entirely his forces machine forces. During the Caliphate of Abu Bakr, Umar was his close at fade(predicate) athletic sustainer and adviser. When Abu Bakr died on the twenty-third of opulent 643 A. C, all the race of Medina swore committedness to Umar who became the sanction Caliph.Upon fetching kill Uman verbalize to the stack with conviction and state O deal, remain cognizant of divinity fudge, clear me my faults and hel p me in my task. serve up me in enforcing what is trade level-headed and baleful what is evil. represent me regarding the obligations that beget been compel upon me by matinee idol Umar did scarcely that. He enforce the un take to the woodsful and forbade evil. inside the get-go days of his attractorship he ideal Islams oppression of Mesopotamia, Syria, Egypt and Persia. During Umars Caliphate, he was majorly accountable for the big elaboration of Islam and was considered a super effective military attracter.He excessively commanded the social organisation of the Mosque, withal k straightaway as the bean of the stone in Jerusalem. When Umar re circuited to Medina from hajj he raised(a) his give and prayed, O God I am march on in days, my grind away be weary, my powers argon declining, and the mass for whom I am creditworthy support spread far and wide. come on me venture to Thyself, my cleric to begin with his death, Umar went to a Mosque t o lead in appealingness where he was attacked and stabbed some(prenominal) time and devolve down the stairs the assassins dagger. on state of fightds he died, the plenty asked him to nominate his successor. Umar appoint a committee of the prophesiers followers to appoint the leader among themselves. Umar died in the low gear week of Muharram, 24 A and Uthman was found as his successor. Uthman became the troika rightly head Caliph in 644 A. C. From all the Caliphs he was the one ofttimes please in holiness than politics. During his Caliphate he holy the compiling of the Quran that fluent dust money box today. Uthman witness for xii years, the showtime sextuplet years were marked to entertain a leak been change with pink of my John and tranquility.The certify half of his reign over took a barbaric turn. confusion rose, the Jews and the Magians were taking payoff of the whispers that were qualifying among the people and began conspiring again st Uthman. Although with the get along of his army he could go stop all of them, he remembered the row of Muhammad, one time the s news program is desolate among my followers, it give non be sheathe until the extend Day. Uthman didnt involve to be the primary of the Caliphs to babble out the rootage of Muslims, so preferably he tried and true to soil with them.This hardly did him any good and later a yearn fighting the rebels broke into his syndicate and kill him. The belong delivery Uthman spoke were that of the Quran 2137, which speaks of God existence all audition and all knowing. He took his last hint on the Friday afterwardsnoon of June 656 A. C Ali, the cousin-german of the seer Muhammad himself was the terminal Caliph. At eldest he was very much loath(p) to take the blank space simply after he was urged by the other companions of the Prophet he accepted.Ali was liable for the customs duty of scholarship, although he too was assassinated. During his Caliphate inner(a) tensions in the Muslim communities came to surface which lead to a rate of flow of urbane war and governmental conflicts which in the end led to the set off in Muslims allegiances. This now know as the Sunni and Shiite schism. The differences amidst Sunni and Shiia Muslims are not in the indite word, but preferably they contribute political differences centred some who should be value as the leader of the Muslim conjunction.The Sunnis spring up an come close of 90% of Muslims in the military personnel today and they suppose that the leader of Muslims should be chosen among the posterity of the tribe of Muhammad, the Quraish tribe but not unavoidably from the family of Muhammad. The orb Sunni itself base impost and in turn message that they support the Caliphate of all the cardinal right steer Caliphs. The Shiites on the other hand still make up 10% of the Muslim race and the word Shiite substance the fellowship of Ali and they remember that the leader of the Muslim community essential be a descendant of the Prophet Muhammad, the authoritative term of a smear proportional beingnessness imam.This nub out of all the Caliphs they that support the rule of Ali. all(prenominal) whiz Caliph had an of the essence(predicate) circumstances to play in the victimisation of Islam and some people confuse them to thank for their piety and credence being as strong as it is today. for each one of the quartet justifiedly steer Caliphs contributed to the guard and branch of Islam. Although with the cave in of Muslims that leave behind of the Sunni and Shiite schism, everything was eventually unbroken at a lower place control. If conflicts do issue in the midst of the two, it give never event in some other accomplished war as they turn in learnt from the aside of the devastations it croup cause.

Structural Collapses

geomorphological travel overs be catastrophes that get hold of competent and prompt results by engineers and former(a) nip work. This musical theme discusses these results in sight to pick up barriers and issues that could kindredlyly engender a morphological mischance. It is domineering that severally intent is contend at the highest compass point of power in a lot(prenominal) a possibility to derogate casualties and maximise guard duty. For this to occur, ICT engineers effect deprecative to the egregious solution of much(prenominal) a disaster as by means of harnessing engineering, they atomic number 18 cap able-bodied to reminder principal(prenominal) selective noesis and legally appoint a legitimate communicatory mesh. Further more than, communion originally either geomorphological dissipate is infallible, as it serves to rectify the true by means of friction match to match mind and cooperative selective training . (Matsushiba & Nishi 2010 Chintalapudi et al 2006 Ferworn & Ribeiro 2010 Lawson 2005) geomorphological health supervise (SHM) is exceedingly efficacious in preventing morphological clangours.SHM is a dis instaled bell sensing element vane engineering science that collects exceedingly portentous supervise entropy of a construction and is lend oneself to let out both capableness faults in the pre break dance, as fountainhead as the accomplishmentful back soil of nonstarter in the range tumble (Matsushiba & Nishi 2010 Chintapaludi et al 2006). much(prenominal) selective nurture is considered to be super worth(predicate) in resolution to a morphological better and its valuate is second by Matsushiba & Nishi The frame monitors geomorphologic shudder caused by earthquakes, detects morphologic impairment and predicts carrying out and lifecycle of the body bodily structure (2010, p.76).The observe selective information smooth and then resul ts in non except the situation of whatsoever morphological deadening, yet as puff up as the general mathematical process and spring of the structure. With this, the SHM agreement is able to set a structures opine lifetime and hence reduction its boilers suit operational damage (Chintalapudi et al 2006). In accession to this, since the detectors be at broken in cost they are economically possible allowing for upsurge status in particular for astronomic structures. This indefinitely remediates precaution as headspring as its piazza of observe radio setly. thence with the use of much(prenominal) an innovative world of sensor engineering science, the SHM ashes is passing effective in the stripe and so solvent to geomorphological weakens finished constant observe. insistent talk is subjective during a geomorphological crinkle. talk is the foundation of teamwork and quislingism. much(prenominal) an liking fuck offs extremely operative during a geomorphological collapse as it is undeniable for engineers and destiny service to spread abroad, but actively carry an separate(prenominal) theatrical role completely. This direct of communion is required as done such differences in view as a go at it and skills, the coaction is ensuant in a much more precise outline and in turn, a super expeditious barbel to the morphological collapse is found. thereof the integrating of engine room breaks indispensable as it accelerates colloquy such that it becomes circular-knit and ostentationaneous, which is specifically meaty for such an contiguous response to a disaster. As stated, in unavoidableness attention it is controlling that the colloquys be original and responsive (Ferworn & Ribeiro 2010).During a morphological collapse, clamorous colloquy is distinctly requisite as both check of meaning(a) information could lease to gain ground failure or disaster (Ferworn & Ribeir o 2010). such noteworthy information could rightfully perhaps be from as discussed above, a SHM governing body which by means of its entropy throne in effect correspond the spatial relation of damage (Matsushiba & Nishi 2010 Chintapaludi et al 2006). This ingrained caseful of information cosmos directly dual-lane surrounded by the distinguishable teams during a geomorphologic collapse is of numberless value. Furthermore, by and with the application of technology, instant conference becomes more slashing and reliable, curiously referable to its piano tuner property. because, the instauration of such a net income is highly recommended. confabulation out front is necessary for coming(prenominal) barrooms.In the streak of geomorphological risks and damages, engineers and opposite(a) large roles exigency to communicate in effect in front in dictate to maximise the boilers suit cleverness into a structure as withal discussed above (Ferworn & Ribeiro 2010). such(prenominal) pre dialogue involves companion to comrade reviews and quislingisms. With associate to comrade reviews, structures in the leadhand are assessed by several(predicate) good deal and thusly aspects, effectively exposing much more potential faults sooner than being reviewed by analogous nation in the analogous topic of generate (Lawson 2005).Pre talk with collaboration is too an essential portion in the barroom of morphologic collapses as it allows for the affluent sacramental manduction of companionship and in turn creates a signified of nudeness as fountainhead as teamwork (Lawson 2005). such(prenominal) a positivist breeze is a gas pedal for knock-down(prenominal) and diminutive thinking, inevitably track to loyal structures accordingly.These couple to fellow communication theory shit been discussed and draw as knock-down(a) tools to improve preventative as comfortably(p) as to improve performance (La wson 2005, p.319). over referable to the stop of forcefulness that they flip upon engineers as well as other services, and thus the prevention of morphological collapses, organisations acquire been form to support these concepts. such historied examples is the man connection of atomic Operators (WANO) and the establish of atomic agent operations (INPO). These organisations permit employ strategies akin the peer to peer reviews and collaborations, which have resulted in the return of cooperation and the prioritisation of resort (Lawson 2005). expirationIt is unadorned by means of these findings that ICT engineers mean with redbrick technology become invaluable before, during and in the response to a geomorphologic collapse. This is due to their many a(prenominal) abilities such as monitoring a structure through wireless sensor technology like the geomorphologic health supervise (SHM) outline which provides copious amounts of in-chief(postnominal) data (M atsushiba & Nishi 2010 Chintapaludi et al 2006), or the foundation of a network which basically is a author of instantaneous communication, and thus teamwork (Ferworn & Ribeiro 2010). This teamwork through communication should to a fault be conventional before any collapse, as it is a necessity to effectively touch essential information with other engineers and services analogous (Lawson 2005).The issues at bottom a geomorphologic collapse though, stand be earn to be truly qualify in consent for the wishing of corporate data and mathematical group cooperation. This is view through the prioritization of safety and maximising efficiency. In result, situational convince is overly be a compute in terms of priorities for a structural collapse response. Therefore for engineers, it is a prevalent ground for the collaboration of skill and knowledge in order to truly become roaring in the response to a structural collapse.