Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen Essay

Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen - Essay Example the articles of the declaration embodied the absolute rights of an individual. Initially there was also a list of duties which every individual had to perform but after a while the people who framed the Declaration removed them from the list. The articles promise the individuals of freedom, their own piece of private property, social security and immunity from cruelty. The Declaration also promised freedom of speech and freedom of the media and press. The emphasis of the Declaration was on the equal treatment of all individuals and their independence. It stated that the law should be based on the citizens of the country and the officials should be answerable to them as well. The finances of the country should also be in the hand of the citizens. A number of articles of the Declaration were directed at the unfairness of the ancient regime and how it abused the rights and interests of the individuals. Liberalism in the 19th century was deeply affected by the Declaration of the Rights o f Man and Citizen. However the Declaration did not seem to have any provisions regarding women or slaves. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen helped in changing the government of France from monarchy- where only the queen and the king had all the power and the power passed down the generations and new leaders were not elected- to republic where all the citizens had basic rights and also the right to vote and elect their own leaders. The Declaration gave rights to citizens which were never granted anywhere in France before like equality, liberty and property. It also led to the constitution of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen. The United States Declaration of Independence of 1176 had Thomas Jeffery as one of its main writers and at the time the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen was being drafted, he was present in France and was in contact with the authors of the

To what extent does personality predicts employee performance Essay - 3

To what extent does personality predicts employee performance - Essay Example Le et al., (2011) found that there exists the curvilinear associations between personality traits, which include emotional stability, conscientiousness, job performance scopes, including counterproductive work behaviours, organisational citizenship behaviours , task performance and job performance (Le et al. 113). By using this approach, the researchers study some features of personalities of different people, and then compare those people in an attempt to draw some conclusion about general rules about personality. Thus, this method involves assessing some interesting variable in a large group of individuals and then arrive out some general rules about personality. Thus, nomothetic approach can be used to find how heredity or genetic plays a pivotal role in job performance of an employee. However, nomothetic approach has some drawbacks. It is to be noted that extrapolations from group outcomes may not be applicable to an individual, and this may offer shallow understanding. (Ashton xxiii). Psychologist like Erikson (1950) & Rogers (1959), Kelly (1963) gives a different explanation of personality as they visualise it from the interface with the environment and the impact of cultural and social processes. Thus, an individual’s personality is open to change and flexible, and each individual has a unique personality that cannot be grouped or classified into any classification. This nurture approach to personality does not make itself to the measurement of personality, as each individual is considered to be unique. From the company point of view, it is less likely to form part of an evaluation process. Nonetheless, some organisations do use the concept of self-concept as part of their development and management training programmes, and it could form part of the performance management process, especially, if a 360-degree feedback approach is used (Smith , Farmer & Yellowley

Businesses Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Businesses Marketing - Essay Example Moreover, he claims that, in order to understand how consumers actually make buying decisions, three scopes have to be identified, which are who makes the buying decision, the types of buying decisions, and the steps in the buying process. This report will examine the importance of marketing to organizations in the twenty-first century. It will focus on one company, namely Mercedes Benz, and first of all show what marketing is. In addition, it will look at how Mercedes Benz uses marketing strategies and techniques. Furthermore, it will consider the reasons why marketing is essential to this organization, and how it has changed its use of marketing and how it might continue to do so in the future. In order to do this, it will be necessary to use marketing models and examples throughout. Also, a history and definition of modern marketing will be given. Next, the functions of marketing will be explained. A description of the marketing process, with particular emphasis on the development of integrated marketing strategies by organizations will also be covered. ... It was around 1960, when marketing mix was first introduced. The concept of the marketing mix primarily revolves around marketing's four Ps, which include price, product, place and promotion (Grnroos, 1994). From then on, this basic marketing mix model remained unchallenged. It even overpowered earlier marketing models Wroe Alderson's organic functionalist approach as well as the system-oriented approaches and parameters theory advocated by Copenhagen school in Europe. Similarly, previous approaches like the commodity, functional geography-related regional and institutional schools, have long been forgotten. For a long time, the use of marketing mix has been concentrated on the simple business to customer market. For over forty years, the management paradigm of marketing mix has indeed dominated most thoughts, practice and research of marketing. As time goes, the concept of the marketing mix and the four Ps had become an irrefutable paradigm used in academic research, which in turn results to validity being taken for granted. In most parts of the marketing and academic world, researchers remain to consider the concept as the epitome of marketing truth even up to the present time. One way of using the marketing mix in generating greater understanding and communications is through the establishment of long lasting customer relationships. For years, there has been a growing interest on the study of customer relationship economics. It has been introduced by Heskett et al. (1994) that understanding the concept of market economies means the achievement of understanding the customers rather than focusing on the development of scale economies. One example cited by Reichheld (1993, p. 65) was the result of his study at MBNA, a US credit card

Project Web Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Project Web - Essay Example Social networking indeed has changed our lives and we cannot deny this fact. People of all ages worldwide use Facebook to share with their friends of what’s going on in their lives; business people consider it as an official tool for business communication; politics use it as a public relations resource; and students forget doing their homework but they never forget to refresh their Facebook pages. Social networking has definitely changed people’s understanding of communicational standards. Event though communication has become much easier with appearance of social networks, still they also have caused a lot of social and personal problems for people. The very first thing that has a big influence on people’s lives with appearance of social networking is availability of other people for purposes of communication and quick access to their lives’ current events. From one side the opportunity to get to know either your acquaintances or unknown people better satisfies human curiosity about other people’s being. Still in some way social networks have encouraged people to strive to make their private lives as more public as it is possible. However, it seems like the tendency to disclose personal life is supposed to help people with low self-esteem to become more comfortable with socialization. Still psychological researches on people with low self-esteem showed that usage of Facebook makes them feel even more uncomfortable and miserable for many reasons such as seeing somebody else’s success or receiving unpleasant feedbacks from other users of social network services (Forest & Wood 595). First of all, the co nsequence of revelation of private life makes people unconsciously compete with each other on a matter whose life is better, so they often tend to show not exactly what is really going on in their lives but what they want others to know about their lives. This frequently multiplies fake personalities and dishonesty in human communication. Another

Difference of Marketing Product and Service Essay Example for Free

Difference of Marketing Product and Service Essay A product is normally a thing that sold to people and mostly is tangible. Basically, the marketing of product is particularly focused on 4P’s in marketing mix namely product, price, place, and promotion (Ehmke Fulton Lusk, n. d. ). The marketer needs to analyze the major demand of customers in a specific market in order to find out a product that can respond the market demand. Firstly, it is necessary for marketers to focus on the strength as well as eliminate the vulnerabilities of marketed products in order to improve products to meet customer’s demand as much as possible. Secondly, the price is an important factor in product marketing because of the price must be set to match with the purchasing power of a target group. The marketer should understand the nature price of selling products. For example, the perfume price might be high because it is considered as luxury good and the instant-noodle price might be low because of it is considered as convenience good. Thirdly, the place of product marketing refers to distribution channels to deliver and sell the product to customers. Lastly, the marketer also needs to create the promotion on the product in order to persuade customers and motivate the sale in a short term. On the other hand, a service is the action that provide for customers and also has a different characteristics from the product (Milliman, 1997). Therefore, the service marketing is somewhat different from product marketing. The service marketing is generally used service marketing mix or 7P’s which is extended from 4P’s by adding people, process and physical evidence (Rafiq Ahmed, 1995). It is essential for any service industry to employ appropriate staffs or people. Hiring and training a good staff will impact positively on the organization because most of customers will judge the quality of service from staffs. Therefore, a company should hire a staff that has interpersonal skills, communication skills and good service know ledges in order to provide high quality of service to customers. In addition, process is a system used to support a company in delivering the service. Process also demonstrates the overall performance of the organization. For example, Macdonald consumers will get the order within 2 minutes. The marketer needs to focus on the process due to meet the customer’s satisfactory getting the service on time. Lastly, physical evidence is external factors that related to the environment around a service area impacting the customer’s impression. Fir Example, a Thai massage and spa uses eye-catching advertising billboard locating in front of the shop and traditional decoration and atmosphere to attract foreign customers. To sum up, the marketer generally uses 4P’s in product marketing including product, price, place and promotion. On the other hand, the service marketing involves 7P’s which people, price and physical evidence were added. Because of the difference in characteristics, there are more factors in service marketing and the marketer must more concern about the customer’s satisfactory during service time. Hence, the service marketing is somewhat different and also more complicated than product marketing. I think product and services marketing are significantly different because of characteristic of itself. The first characteristic of services marketing is intangibility; it cannot be seen, touched or felt prior consumption. On the other hands, product marketing is tangible, the customer is able to touch, feel, taste or smell the product either before or after purchasing. For example, when customers walk through a restaurant, they might get the food smell from the restaurant but they cannot know how well of service if they do not buy the menu. Secondly, products can be stored in order to sell to the customer in the next time whereas services marketing mostly are unable to be inventoried, they are perishable. Hence, the value of service always exists at the point when it is required. Therefore, it seems to be very difficult to match supply with demand in service marketing. Thirdly, the other difference of product and services marketing is the level of relationship between the client and provider. Undoubtedly, there is much more personal contact required in services marketing than product marketing. In case of product marketing, customers and sellers may face each other just once time when they are dealing products and they might have no chance to see each other again. However, in services marketing, consumers and service providers may have to see each other frequently throughout until the contract is ended or until the last thing that consumers expect to gain from a service provider. There is a difference in price setting between both marketing. With product marketing, the price is easy to set by calculating from value, the strength of a brand, the quality of material and the demand in market. Furthermore, the customer can ask for discount from vendors so there is high flexibility and a standard in the price setting of product marketing. On the other hand, service marketing is quiet difficult to set fairly price. Mainly, service companies have to calculate from the cost of hiring employees and servicing time. Some companies also charge initial fee and service taxes to customers. Additionally, the service price is considered less flexible because mostly consumers cannot ask for discount from service providers. Reference http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/EC/EC-730.pdf

Online Game Addiction Essay Example for Free

Online Game Addiction Essay Online game addiction is no longer just a worry of an American-chubby-child’s mother, but the worry of many parents in Cambodia and other less affluent countries. Recently, more teenage Cambodians were addicted to online games, in order to satisfy their fantasy of being heroes or warriors. Cambodian teens would rather eat less or even skip meals just to save money for the online games. Other than spending money, they also wasted their time. According to Chheng Roth Donior, a Cambodian teen, he normally spends three to five hours a day in internet cafes, even under the threat of his mother. It might have sounded strange to you, since Cambodia is not a wealthy country and most of the urban teens do not have internet at home, and why would they be addicted to online games? One of the reasons is more and more internet cafes have opened up, and Web access is growing rapidly these years. Another reason would be the teenagers in fact do not know they’re addicted to the online games or its harmful effects. The consequence of online game addiction could be serious, for example, last year in South Korea, a man died after playing online games for five days straight. For sure, the teenagers would waste all their money and time on those internet cafes. They would have less incentive to work or study since the satisfaction gained from the games is far more than those they could gain in their daily lives. It would also harm the gamers’ health (e. g. with poorer eyesight and less exercise) and would lower their face to face communication skills. Later, they may not be able to distinguish between the reality and the created world. Teenagers are the future of the country, measures must be taken as soon as possible to curb the addiction. First, promotion from the government is very crucial. The teenagers may not understand the harmful effects of online game addictions, government should advertise the harmful effect and possible consequences through mass media, i. e. TV advertisements, news paper, radio etc. Posters should also posted in school, streets and especially the internet cafes, just like a warning note must also included on the package of cigarettes. For why the teenagers would addict to online games, is that they could gain a sense of satisfaction by beating down their created enemies. Therefore, the teachers and parents of the teenagers should help them build their confidence, like giving them chances to develop their talents. For example, school can provide more Extra-curriculum activities for them afterschool. They should also help the teenagers to identify their dreams and targets, assuring them that nothing is impossible and encourage them to fight for their dreams through talks and lessons. Then they would not stick to the computer screens, instead, they would work very hard on their dreams. On their ways towards their goals, parents and teachers should give supports and advice to them. Third, government should set up clinics to help the gamers overcome their internet addictions, just like what China and South Korea did. The clinics should provide counseling and information about online game addiction, this could help those people who had already addicted to online games. Lastly, education is always the last resort of most problems. Schools and parents have the responsibility in teaching the teens about the harmful effects of online game addiction. They should educate the students or their children starting from their childhood. Schools can hold more talks on the issue in order to make sure that they receive related information. If we do not cope with the problem as soon as possible, the situation would become more complicated and serious. The solutions I suggested above would definitely help dealing with the problem, and I hope the situation would be improved soon.

Major Tasks Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay

Major Tasks Of Quantity Surveyor Construction Essay Quantity Surveyor is a professional who work within the construction industry involving building costs. This profession provides a qualification gained following formal education, specific training and experience that provide a general set of skills that are then applied to a diverse variety of problems. These relate to costs and contracts on construction projects. Other areas in which Quantity Surveyor find employment include property surveys for hidden defects on behalf of potential purchasers, running estates, valuating the mineral deposits of mining companies, selling property and even Leasehold Reform Act work. Quantity Surveyor also involves all stages of the project and is usually appointed by the architect or engineer who designs the construction. They act as the financial overseer of a particular project, translating the plans into details costs. The major tasks of Quantity Surveyor include preparation of Bills and Schedules of Quantities of materials, labour and services required in the construction and equipment of building or engineering work. Traditionally, much of the work was included in Bills of Quantities as prime costs sums. Bills of Quantities, for example, consist of large quantities of estimate few items. Because much of the work involved is at or below ground level, the quantities are normally fairly correct, with a full remeasurement of the work that is actually carried out. Also as there is not the same direct relationship between quantity and costs, contractual claims and potentially is more likely event. In addition, quantity surveyor should also has frequent dealings with the different working rule agreements, day work rates and other documents such as Civil Engineering Procedure, which is published by the Institution of Civil Engineers. Another major task of Quantity Surveyor is giving advice on cost management or value management from time to time. The basis of the construction project in the context of forecasting, analyzing, planning, controlling and accounting. For example, Quantity Surveyors are the cost and value experts of the construction industry. Their responsibilities include advising clients on the cost and value implication of design decisions and the controlling of construction costs. Great importance is now attached to the control of costs on the majority of the projects. Clients and designers are disposed to making changes after the contract has been signed, and to order additional works that were not visualized. Quantity Surveyor also needs to give an opinion on alternative proposals and evaluate the costs. Once the decision is made to build the project by the client, Quantity Surveyor will recommend the client on proper to contract arrangement as well as the legal contract and conditions under which the building will be constructed. Quantity Surveyor also action on behalf of the client advises the architect and engineer on the cost implications. This includes the different construction methods, alternative choice of materials, size and quality of the project. This is also to ensure that each element is settling with the cost plan allowance and the overall project cost remains within the budget. Besides, Quantity Surveyor is a strong position to take a leading managerial role throughout the development of a project. For example, they are able to assess the implications of changes in design, site conditions and working arrangements and give the client accurate budget and time estimates. Besides that, preparing tender and contract documents are also one of the major tasks of Quantity Surveyor. Quantity Surveyor needs to prepare these tender documents at the end of the process. When the project is near to the tender stage, the different firms that may be interested in constructing the project should be ready the designs for construction projects. However, it is also recognized that the process is too long and frequently still unsuitable as compared to other countries of Western Europe and in different parts of the world. During the latter decades of the twentieth century, much effort was made to reduce overall design and construction time periods as well as attempting to reduce the time spent on site by the contractor. After that, Quantity Surveyor will recommend the contractor that suitable for the projects to the client so that client can select a suitable contractor to complete the project. As a conclude, Quantity Surveyor plays an important roles in construction industry. Quantity Surveyor needs to prepare the Bills of Quantities, tender documents, and procurement. Besides, Quantity Surveyor also has to advice the client on appropriate contract arrangement, cost management or value management. Quantity Surveyor is now retained to help clients develop their strategy for managing all of their construction projects. The skills required by Quantity Surveyors in preparing and ensuring good quality of documents for construction projects. Quantity Surveyor manages all costs that are related to building projects, from the initial calculation to the final figures. Quantity Surveyor also seeks to minimize the costs of a project and enhance value for money, while achieving the required standards and quantity. A Quantity Surveyor may work with either the client or the contractor, working in an office or on site. The title of the job may also be referred to as a construction cost consultant or commercial manager. Below is range of skills that the profession would need to continue to develop if it wished to maintain its role within the construction industry. For example, knowledge base that includes construction technology, measurement rule and conventions, construction economics, financial management, business administration, construction law and a skill base that includes management, documentation, analysis, appraisal, quantification, synthesis and communication. There are two types of skills, one of them is soft skills and the other one is hard skills. Some example of soft skills is responsible. As a Quantity Surveyor we should practice responsibility for our reputation depends on it and most important we calculate sums, prepare tender document and the contract. Besides, the other example of soft skills is able to work with people. Quantity Surveyor has to work with architect, civil and structure engineering, mechanical and electrical engineering and the most important is to work with client or developer. Quantity Surveyor should have good communications with all of them especially when preparing the tender document and procurement. Besides that, calculation is one of the examples of hard skills that a Quantity Surveyor should practice example, a Quantity Surveyor must have strong basic in calculation and understanding of the principles involved in discounting the value of future receipts and payments. Another example of hard skills is computer literacy. Computer literacy requires an understanding of the following two related areas of computer knowledge:- Knowing computer capabilities and limitations General understanding of the organization, capabilities and limitations of the various machines, example the hardware. Knowing how to use computer Familiarity with the common uses or applications of computers. Comfortable working with pre-written software. The other of the hard skills is accounting skills. It is a fundamental and important business skill and as such is important to the quantity surveyor in general. The primary purpose of keeping accounts is to provide a record of all the financial transactions of the business, and to establish whether or not the business is making a profit. The accounts will also be used:- In determining the partnersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ or companyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s tax liabilities. To support an application to a bank for funding. To determine the value of business in the event of a sale. In addition, Quantity surveying require a range of technical skills. Qualified surveyors must be able to read architectural drawings and understand construction processes. They find that an admiration of mechanical and electrical installations is valuable, together with an understanding of their interface with other parts of the construction. As quantity surveyors are concerned with financial matters, strong numerical skills are essential. In building surveying, ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s important to have a thorough understanding of regulations and laws so made to ensure that they are followed. Besides that, the work is volatile and so Quantity Surveyor needs to be flexible and able to think on feet. Creativity might help Quantity Surveyor to solve unexpected problems. As a conclude, Quantity Surveyor needs to have good attitude, have good communications skills as you could be required to express your opinions both verbally and on paper, able to work with others and can work well in a team, have a sound knowledge of building construction, skilful in calculation, accounting and computer literacy, and technique skills that able to read architectural drawings and understand construction processes. All of this is important to a Quantity Surveyor to ensure good quantity, accurate costing, and good quantity in preparing the tender documents and procurement.